Prepare for and practice interview questions from Weyerhaeuser.

Weyerhaeuser Interview Questions

we manage forests and manufacture products that make the world a better place. we’re serious about safety, driven to achieve excellence, and proud of what we do. with multiple business lines in locations around the world, we offer a range of exciting careers opportunities for smart, talented people who are passionate about making a difference.

we manage forests and manufacture products that make the world a better place. we’re serious about safety, driven to achieve excellence, and proud of what we do. with multiple business lines in locations around the world, we offer a range of exciting careers opportunities for smart, talented people who are passionate about making a difference.

Overview

Weyerhaeuser Interview Guides

Data Structures & Algorithms

Given two sorted lists, write a function to merge them into one sorted list.

Merge Sorted Lists

Find the missing integer from a array of consequtive integers

Find the Missing Number

Write a function n_frequent_words that returns the top N frequent words and their frequencies, and state its run-time

Get Top N Frequent Words

Given an integer N, write a function that returns all of the prime numbers up to N

Prime to N

Reconstruct the path of a trip so that the trip tickets are in order.

Scrambled Tickets

Machine Learning

How would we build a model to detect fraud and text customers to approve or deny fraudulent transactions

Bank Fraud Model

Rebalancing outcome probabilities for a classifier on imbalanced data.

Rebalance Probabilities

Lasso vs Ridge

Why can the same machine learning algorithm produce different success rates on the same dataset

Same Algorithm Different Success

In which case would you use a bagging algorithm versus a boosting algorithm

Bagging vs Boosting

Analytics

How would you present the performance of each subscription to an executive?

Analyzing Churn Behavior

How would you find out if an increase in user conversion rates after a new email journey is casual or just part of a wider trend?

Causal Email Journey 

Let’s say that you're in charge of an e-commerce D2C business that sells socks. What business health metrics would you care?

D2C Socks e-Commerce

Challenges of specific student test score layouts, recommended formatting changes for enhanced analysis, and common issues found in "messy" datasets.

Digitizing Student Test Scores

How would you analyze the dataset to understand exactly where the revenue loss is occurring?

Evaluating Revenue Decline

Product Sense & Metrics

What’s the expected churn rate in March for all customers that bought the product since January 1st?

Expected Churn

Google Maps Improvement

How would you determine the cause and what would you do with these users

Inactive Users

Pitching a feature idea that could drive success for Instagram Stories

Boosting Instagram Stories

The role of A/B testing in measuring the success rate of an analytics experiment

Success Measurement

Behavioral

Strategically resolving misaligned expectations with stakeholders for a successful project outcome

Stakeholder Communication

Prioritized debt reduction, process improvement, and a focus on maintainability for fintech efficiency

Decreasing Tech Debt

How to present complex data insights with clarity and adaptability tailored to a specific audience

Presentations and Insights

Describing a data project and its challenges

Hurdles In Data Projects

How would you negotiate and resolve disagreements when a client rejects your proposed solution?

Client Solution Pushback

Challenge

Write a SQL query to select the 2nd highest salary in the engineering department.

Note: If more than one person shares the highest salary, the query should select the next highest salary.

Example:

Input:

<code>employees</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>first_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>last_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>salary</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>department_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<code>departments</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>salary</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Select the 2nd highest salary in the engineering department

2nd Highest Salary

Given two sorted lists, write a function to merge them into one sorted list.

Bonus: What’s the time complexity?

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>list1 = [1,2,5]
list2 = [2,4,6]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def merge_list(list1,list2) -&gt; [1,2,2,4,5,6]
</code></pre>

You have two sorted lists, one with m elements and one with n elements. What would be the time complexity of merging the two lists via merge sort?

You have two sorted lists, one with m elements and one with n elements. What would be the time complexity of merging the two lists via merge sort? 

Merging Lists Complexity

Tell me about a data project that didn’t go the way you expected. What did you set out to do, what surprised you, and how did you handle it?

Given a table of user sessions, write a query to get the number of days between each user’s first session and last session for the year 2020. 

Example:

Input:

<code>user_sessions</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>session_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>created_at</code></td>
<td>DATETIME</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>user_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>user_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>no_of_days</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Find the difference between users' first and last sessions in the year

Session Difference

The probability that it will rain tomorrow is dependent on whether or not it is raining today and whether or not it rained yesterday.

If it rained yesterday and today, there is a 20% chance it will rain tomorrow. If it rained one of the days, there is a 60% chance it will rain tomorrow. If it rained neither today nor yesterday, there is a 20% chance it will rain tomorrow.

Given that it is raining today and that it rained yesterday, write a function <code>rain_days</code> to calculate the probability that it will rain on the nth day after today.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>n=5
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def rain_days(n) -&gt; 0.39968
</code></pre>

Given that it is raining today and that it rained yesterday, write a function to calculate the probability that it will rain on the nth day after today.

Rain in N Days

Probability

Given a dictionary with weights, write a function <code>random_key</code> that returns a key at random with a probability proportional to the weights.

Example 1:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>weights = {&#39;A&#39;: 1, &#39;B&#39;: 2}
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>random_key(weights) -&gt; return A 1/3 of the time, B 2/3 of the time
</code></pre>

Example 2:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>weights = {&#39;A&#39;: 1, &#39;B&#39;: 1}
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>random_key(weights) -&gt; return A 1/2 of the time, B 1/2 of the time
</code></pre>

Weighted Keys

Given an integer <code>N</code>, write a function that returns a list of all of the prime numbers up to <code>N</code>.

Note: Return an empty list there are no prime numbers less than or equal to <code>N</code>.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>N = 3
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def prime_numbers(N) -&gt; [2,3]
</code></pre>

Given a string, find the first non-repeating character in it and return its index. If it doesn’t exist, return -1.

Example questions:

Consider a string where all characters are lowercase alphabets.

Example 1:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>s = &#39;helloworld&#39;
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>first_uniq_char(s) -&gt; 0
</code></pre>

In the string ‘helloworld’, the first non-repeating character is ‘h’, which is at index 0.

Example 2:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>s = &#39;concussion&#39;
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>first_uniq_char(s) -&gt; 4
</code></pre>

In the string ‘concussion’, the first non-repeating character is ‘u’, which is at index 4.

This problem involves finding the first non-repeating character in a given string. The solution involves iterating over the string and keeping track of the frequency of each character. The first character that has a frequency of 1 is the first non-repeating character.

Find the First Non-Repeating Character in a String

You’re given a string that may contain the characters <code>{</code>, <code>}</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>]</code>, <code>(</code>, and <code>)</code>.

Task: Verify that the string is balanced. A balanced string is one where every opening character, <code>{</code>, <code>[</code>, or <code>(</code>, has a corresponding closing character, <code>}</code>, <code>]</code>, or <code>)</code>.

Write a function called <code>is_balanced(string: str) -&gt; bool</code> which verifies the balance of a string.

Example:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;(())[]{}&#39;) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;{([(){}])()}&#39;) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;{}[]())&#39;) -&gt; False
</code></pre>

<hr/>

Write a function that tests whether a string of brackets is balanced.

The Brackets Problem

You have an array of integers, <code>nums</code> of length <code>n</code> spanning <code>0</code> to <code>n</code> with one missing. Write a function <code>missing_number</code> that returns the missing number in the array.

Note: Complexity of $O(n)$ required.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [0,1,2,4,5] 
missing_number(nums) -&gt; 3
</code></pre>

Consider a trip from one city to another that may contain many layovers. Given the list of flights out of order, each with a starting city and end city, write a function <code>plan_trip</code> to reconstruct the path of the trip so the trip tickets are in order.

Example:

For a trip from Bombay to Beijing:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>flights = [
 [&#39;Chennai&#39;, &#39;Bangalore&#39;], 
 [&#39;Bombay&#39;, &#39;Delhi&#39;], 
 [&#39;Goa&#39;, &#39;Chennai&#39;], 
 [&#39;Delhi&#39;, &#39;Goa&#39;], 
 [&#39;Bangalore&#39;, &#39;Beijing&#39;]
]
output = [
 [&#39;Bombay&#39;, &#39;Delhi&#39;], 
 [&#39;Delhi&#39;, &#39;Goa&#39;], 
 [&#39;Goa&#39;, &#39;Chennai&#39;], 
 [&#39;Chennai&#39;, &#39;Bangalore&#39;], 
 [&#39;Bangalore&#39;, &#39;Beijing&#39;],
]
</code></pre>

Write a Python function called <code>max_profit</code> that takes a list of integers, where the i-th integer represents the price of a given stock on day i, and returns the maximum profit you can achieve by buying and selling the stock.

You may complete, at most, two complete buy/sell transactions to maximize profits on a stock.

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>prices = [3, 3, 5, 0, 0, 3, 1, 4]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def max_profit(prices) -&gt; 6
</code></pre>

Explanation:

<pre><code>Buy on day 4 (price = 0) and sell on day 6 (price = 3): profit = 3 - 0 = 3.
Then buy again on day 7 (price = 1) and sell on day 8 (price = 4): profit = 4 - 1 = 3.
Total profit: 3 + 3 = 6.
</code></pre>

Find the maximum profit from at most two stock buy/sell transactions

Maximum Profit

Let’s say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service in addition that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

How would we build this model?

Let’s say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

Which statement is true?

Let's say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

Which statement is true?

You are given two rectangles <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> each defined by four ordered pairs denoting their corners on the <code>x</code>, <code>y</code> plane. Write a function <code>rectangle_overlap</code> to determine whether or not they overlap. Return <code>True</code> if so, and <code>False</code> otherwise.

Note: If the two rectangles border one another, or share a corner like two diagonally adjacent positions on a chessboard, they are said to overlap.

Note: The lists of ordered pairs are in no particular order. The first entry in list <code>a</code> could be the top left corner while the first in list <code>b</code> is the bottom right.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>
a = [(-3,5), (-3,2),(0,5),(0,2)]
b = [(-1,4), (3,4), (3,1), (-1,1)]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def rectangle_overlap(a, b) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

As point <code>(0,2)</code> is fully contained in rectangle <code>b</code> and point <code>(-1,4)</code> is fully contained in a rectangle <code>a</code>.

Write a function to determine whether or not two rectangles overlap.

Rectangle Overlap

Say you are tasked with designing a data mart or data warehouse for a new online retailer.

How would you design the system?

Note: Sketch a star schema to explain your design.

Design a data warehouse for a new online retailer

Retailer Data Warehouse

Data Modeling

How would you explain what a p-value is to someone who is not technical?

What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?

What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?

P-value to a Layman I

In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?

In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?

P-value to a Layman II

Explain what a p-value is to someone who is not technical

P-value to a Layman

Statistics

Given a 2D terrain represented by an array of non-negative integers, where each integer represents the height of a terrain level at that index, implement an algorithm to calculate the total amount of rainwater that can be trapped in this terrain.
Consider that rainwater can only be trapped between two terrain levels with higher heights, and the trapped water cannot flow out through the edges.

The algorithm should have an optimal time complexity of O(n) and a space complexity of O(n).
 Provide a detailed explanation of the algorithm and its implementation in Python.

Example:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Index</th>
<th>0</th>
<th>1</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>3</th>
<th>4</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Terrain Level</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Trapped Water</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
In this table, the ‘Index’ row represents the position of the terrain levels, the ‘Terrain Level’ row shows the height of the terrain at each index, and the ‘Trapped Water’ row illustrates the trapped rainwater between the terrain levels. The total trapped rainwater in this example is 7 units (3 + 1 + 3).

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>terrainLevels = [3, 0, 2, 0, 4]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>7
</code></pre>

In this example, the terrain is represented by the <code>terrainLevels</code> array. The algorithm should calculate the total trapped rainwater, which is 7 units in this case. The trapped rainwater is formed between the heights of 3, 0, 2, 0, and 4.

Given a 2D terrain array, calculate the total amount of trapped rainwater with O(n) time and O(n) space

Level Of Rain Water In 2D Terrain

Let’s say we’re comparing two machine learning algorithms. In which case would you use a bagging algorithm versus a boosting algorithm? 

Give an example of the tradeoffs between the two.

In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?

In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?

Bagging vs. Boosting

Let’s say you work at Allstate. Allstate is running <code>N</code> online ads right now. The table <code>ads</code> contains all those ads, ranked by popularity via the <code>id</code> column (e.g., the entry with <code>id = 1</code> is the most popular, etc.).

Create a subquery or common table expression named <code>top_ads</code> containing the top 3 ads (by popularity) and return the number of rows that would result from the following operations

<ol>
<li><code>ads INNER JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads LEFT JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads RIGHT JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads CROSS JOIN top_ads</code></li>
</ol>

Note: Please make the <code>join_type</code> column in your output have the values <code>inner_join</code>, <code>left_join</code>, etc. for each of their respective join types

Note: Please return only one query with each number in a different row

Example:

Input:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>join_type</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>number_of_rows</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Create top_ads with the top 3 ads and return the row counts for inner, left, right, and cross joins with ads

Size of Joins

How does random forest generate the forest? Additionally, why would we use it over other algorithms such as logistic regression?

What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?

What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?

Average Trees

How does random forest generate the forest and why use it over logistic regression

Random Forest Explanation

Given a <code>ListNode</code> representing the head of a linked list, write a function <code>is_cyclic</code> which returns <code>True</code> if a linked list is cyclic and <code>False</code> if it is not. A linked list is cyclic when there is no tail to the linked list, and the supposed tail is attached to another node inside the list itself, creating a cycle.

A <code>ListNode</code> is defined as:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>class ListNode:
	value: ListNode = None
 next: ListNode = None
</code></pre>

Example:

Input:

<img src="/s3/questions/1a65651d-a483-4481-b073-2738d65ab9d7.png" alt="image"/>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def is_cyclic(head) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

Cyclic Detection

<ol>
<li>Given an example paragraph string and an integer <code>N</code>, write a function <code>n_frequent_words</code> that returns the top <code>N</code> frequent words in the posting and the frequencies for each word.</li>

<li>What’s the function run-time?</li>
</ol>

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>posting = &#34;&#34;&#34;
Herbal sauna uses the healing properties of herbs in combination with distilled water. 
The water evaporates and distributes the effect of the herbs throughout the room. 
A visit to the herbal sauna can cause real miracles, especially for colds. 
&#34;&#34;&#34; 
n = 3
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>n_frequent_words(posting,N) = [
 (&#39;the&#39;, 6), 
 (&#39;herbal&#39;, 2), 
 (&#39;sauna&#39;, 2),
]
</code></pre>

Let’s say that you’re the PM on Google Maps.

<ol>
<li>How would you improve Google Maps?</li>

<li>What metrics would you check to see if your feature improvements are successful?</li>
</ol>

Given a 2-D matrix P of predicted values and actual values, write a function precision_recall to calculate precision and recall metrics.

Return the ordered pair (precision, recall).

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>
P = [[121, 9],
 [17, 144]]
</code></pre>

where P represents the following table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Predicted =TRUE</th>
<th>Predicted =FALSE</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Actual =TRUE</td>
<td>121</td>
<td>9</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Actual =FALSE</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def precision_recall(P) -&gt; (0.931, 0.877,)
</code></pre>

Write a function to calculate precision and recall metrics.

Precision and Recall

You are given a binary tree of unique positive numbers. Each node in the binary tree is represented as a dictionary with the following keys:

<ul>
<li><code>data</code>: integer value stored in the node</li>
<li><code>left</code>: reference to the left child (or <code>None</code>)</li>
<li><code>right</code>: reference to the right child (or <code>None</code>)</li>
</ul>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>node = {
 &#34;data&#34;: 6,
 &#34;left&#34;: {
 &#34;data&#34;: 3,
 &#34;left&#34;: {...},
 &#34;right&#34;: {...}
 },
 &#34;right&#34;: {
 &#34;data&#34;: 9,
 &#34;left&#34;: {...},
 &#34;right&#34;: {...}
 }
}
</code></pre>

Given two node values as input (<code>value1</code> and <code>value2</code>), write a function to return the value of the nearest common ancestor (lowest node in the tree that has both nodes as descendants).

Note: If one of the nodes doesn’t exist in the tree, return <code>-1</code>.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code># Diagram of the binary tree
&#39;&#39;&#39;
 6 
 / \ 
 3 9 
 / \
 2 11
 / \
 5 8
&#39;&#39;&#39;
value1 = 8
value2 = 2
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>common_ancestor(root,value1,value2) -&gt; 3
</code></pre>

Explanation:

<ul>
<li>Ancestors of <code>8</code>: <code>11 → 3 → 6</code></li>
<li>Ancestors of <code>2</code>: <code>3 → 6</code></li>
<li>Common ancestors: <code>3</code> and <code>6</code></li>
<li>The nearest common ancestor is <code>3</code>.</li>
</ul>

Write a function to return the value of the nearest node that is a parent to both nodes.

Nearest Common Ancestor

Given a list of integers, identify all the duplicate values in the list. Assume that the list can contain both positive and negative numbers, and the order of the list does not matter. A number is considered a duplicate if it appears more than once in the list. Return a list of the duplicate numbers.

Example 1:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</code></pre>

The numbers 1, 2, and 3 all appear more than once in the list, so they are considered duplicates.

Example 2:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, -1, 2, 3, 3, -1]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; [-1, 3]
</code></pre>

The numbers -1 and 3 both appear more than once in the list, so they are considered duplicates. Note that the order of the output does not matter.

Example 3:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; []
</code></pre>

None of the numbers in the list appear more than once, so there are no duplicates.

This problem involves identifying duplicate numbers in a list of integers. The function should return a list of the duplicate numbers.

Find Duplicate Numbers in a List

Say you are tasked with analyzing how well a model fits the data given. You want to determine a relationship between two variables.

What is the downside of only using the R-Squared $(R^2)$ value to do so?

In the context of regression analysis, why is it misleading to rely solely on a high R-squared ($R^2$) value to infer a causal relationship between variables?

In the context of regression analysis, why is it misleading to rely solely on a high R-squared ($R^2$) value to infer a causal relationship between variables?

Using R Squared I

Which of the following best describes the R-squared ($R^2$) value in the context of a regression model?

Which of the following best describes the R-squared ($R^2$) value in the context of a regression model?

Using R Squared II

What is a limitation of using R-squared ($R^2$) as the only metric to evaluate a regression model's fit?

What is a limitation of using R-squared ($R^2$) as the only metric to evaluate a regression model's fit?

Using R Squared III

What is the downside of only using the R-Squared (R^2) value to determine a relationship between two variables

Using R Squared

What is the difference between covariance and correlation? Provide an example.

Explain the difference between covariance and correlation and provide an example

Covariance vs Correlation

Given a table of <code>subscriptions</code>, write a query to get the retention rate of each monthly cohort for each <code>plan_id</code> for the three months after sign-up.

Order your output by <code>start_month</code>, <code>plan_id</code>, then <code>num_month</code>.

If an <code>end_date</code> is in the same month as <code>start_date</code> we say the subscription was not retained in the first month.

If the <code>end_date</code> occurs in the month after the month of <code>start_date</code>, the subscription was not retained in the second month. And so on for the third.

The <code>end_date</code> field is <code>NULL</code> if the user has not canceled.

<h3>Schema:</h3>

Input:

<code>subscriptions</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>user_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>start_date</code></td>
<td>DATETIME</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>end_date</code></td>
<td>DATETIME</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>plan_id</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>start_month</code></td>
<td>DATETIME</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>num_month</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>plan_id</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>retained</code></td>
<td>FLOAT</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h3>Example</h3>

Input:

<code>subscriptions</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>user_id</th>
<th>start_date</th>
<th>end_date</th>
<th>plan_id</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>2020-01-10 00:00:00</td>
<td>2020-03-31 23:59:59</td>
<td>plan1</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>2020-01-10 00:00:00</td>
<td>2020-02-01 23:59:59</td>
<td>plan1</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>2020-01-10 00:00:00</td>
<td>2020-07-31 23:59:59</td>
<td>plan1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>start_month</th>
<th>num_month</th>
<th>plan_id</th>
<th>retained</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>2020-01-01</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>plan1</td>
<td>1.0</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2020-01-01</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>plan1</td>
<td>0.67</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2020-01-01</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>plan1</td>
<td>0.33</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Explanation:

<ul>
<li>Cohort: All subscriptions starting in January 2020.</li>
<li>Month 1 retention: All 3 users were active in the first month → 3⁄3 = 1.0</li>
<li>Month 2 retention: Only users 1 and 3 were active in Feb → 2⁄3 ≈ 0.67</li>
<li>Month 3 retention: Only user 3 was active in Mar → 1⁄3 ≈ 0.33</li>
</ul>

Subscription Retention

Let’s say we want to improve the matching algorithm for drivers and riders for Uber. The engineering team has added a new column to the <code>drivers</code> table called <code>weighting</code>. It contains a weighted value, which they hope will lead to better matching.

Given this table of drivers, write a query to perform a weighted random selection of a driver based on the driver weight.

Example:

Input:

<code>drivers</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>weighting</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Select a (weight) random driver from the database.

Calculate Moving Average	SQL	Easy
Predict Customer Churn	Machine Learning	Medium
A/B Test Significance	Statistics	Medium
Optimize Query Performance	SQL	Hard
Feature Importance Analysis	Machine Learning	Medium
Clean Missing Data	Python	Easy
Neural Network Architecture	Deep Learning	Hard
Calculate Cohort Retention	SQL	Medium
Bayesian Probability	Statistics	Easy
Recommend Similar Products	Machine Learning	Hard

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