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Freeform Interview Questions

Freeform Interview Guides

Machine Learning

How would we build a model to detect fraud and text customers to approve or deny fraudulent transactions

Bank Fraud Model

Rebalancing outcome probabilities for a classifier on imbalanced data.

Rebalance Probabilities

Lasso vs Ridge

Why can the same machine learning algorithm produce different success rates on the same dataset

Same Algorithm Different Success

In which case would you use a bagging algorithm versus a boosting algorithm

Bagging vs Boosting

Data Structures & Algorithms

Given two sorted lists, write a function to merge them into one sorted list.

Merge Sorted Lists

Find the missing integer from a array of consequtive integers

Find the Missing Number

Write a function n_frequent_words that returns the top N frequent words and their frequencies, and state its run-time

Get Top N Frequent Words

Given an integer N, write a function that returns all of the prime numbers up to N

Prime to N

Given an array and a target integer, write a function that returns the indices of two integers in the array that add up to the target integer.

Target Indices

Analytics

How would you present the performance of each subscription to an executive?

Analyzing Churn Behavior

How would you find out if an increase in user conversion rates after a new email journey is casual or just part of a wider trend?

Causal Email Journey 

Let’s say that you're in charge of an e-commerce D2C business that sells socks. What business health metrics would you care?

D2C Socks e-Commerce

Challenges of specific student test score layouts, recommended formatting changes for enhanced analysis, and common issues found in "messy" datasets.

Digitizing Student Test Scores

How would you approach improving the quality of airline data?

Addressing Data Quality Issues

Behavioral

Describing a data project and its challenges

Hurdles In Data Projects

Strategically resolving misaligned expectations with stakeholders for a successful project outcome

Stakeholder Communication

Prioritized debt reduction, process improvement, and a focus on maintainability for fintech efficiency

Decreasing Tech Debt

How to present complex data insights with clarity and adaptability tailored to a specific audience

Presentations and Insights

How would you negotiate and resolve disagreements when a client rejects your proposed solution?

Client Solution Pushback

Statistics

Explain what a p-value is to someone who is not technical

P-value to a Layman

What are the assumptions of linear regression?

Assumptions of Linear Regression

What is the downside of only using the R-Squared (R^2) value to determine a relationship between two variables

Using R Squared

Explain the difference between covariance and correlation and provide an example

Covariance vs Correlation

How do you detect and handle correlation between variables in linear regression, and what happens if you ignore it

Correlation in Regression

Given two sorted lists, write a function to merge them into one sorted list.

Bonus: What’s the time complexity?

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>list1 = [1,2,5]
list2 = [2,4,6]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def merge_list(list1,list2) -&gt; [1,2,2,4,5,6]
</code></pre>

You have two sorted lists, one with m elements and one with n elements. What would be the time complexity of merging the two lists via merge sort?

You have two sorted lists, one with m elements and one with n elements. What would be the time complexity of merging the two lists via merge sort? 

Merging Lists Complexity

Tell me about a data project that didn’t go the way you expected. What did you set out to do, what surprised you, and how did you handle it?

Given an integer <code>N</code>, write a function that returns a list of all of the prime numbers up to <code>N</code>.

Note: Return an empty list there are no prime numbers less than or equal to <code>N</code>.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>N = 3
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def prime_numbers(N) -&gt; [2,3]
</code></pre>

You have an array of integers, <code>nums</code> of length <code>n</code> spanning <code>0</code> to <code>n</code> with one missing. Write a function <code>missing_number</code> that returns the missing number in the array.

Note: Complexity of $O(n)$ required.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [0,1,2,4,5] 
missing_number(nums) -&gt; 3
</code></pre>

Let’s say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service in addition that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

How would we build this model?

Let’s say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

Which statement is true?

Let's say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

Which statement is true?

You’re given a string that may contain the characters <code>{</code>, <code>}</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>]</code>, <code>(</code>, and <code>)</code>.

Task: Verify that the string is balanced. A balanced string is one where every opening character, <code>{</code>, <code>[</code>, or <code>(</code>, has a corresponding closing character, <code>}</code>, <code>]</code>, or <code>)</code>.

Write a function called <code>is_balanced(string: str) -&gt; bool</code> which verifies the balance of a string.

Example:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;(())[]{}&#39;) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;{([(){}])()}&#39;) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;{}[]())&#39;) -&gt; False
</code></pre>

<hr/>

Write a function that tests whether a string of brackets is balanced.

The Brackets Problem

Say you are tasked with designing a data mart or data warehouse for a new online retailer.

How would you design the system?

Note: Sketch a star schema to explain your design.

Design a data warehouse for a new online retailer

Retailer Data Warehouse

Data Modeling

Let’s say we’re comparing two machine learning algorithms. In which case would you use a bagging algorithm versus a boosting algorithm? 

Give an example of the tradeoffs between the two.

In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?

In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?

Bagging vs. Boosting

How would you explain what a p-value is to someone who is not technical?

What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?

What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?

P-value to a Layman I

In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?

In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?

P-value to a Layman II

How does random forest generate the forest? Additionally, why would we use it over other algorithms such as logistic regression?

What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?

What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?

Average Trees

How does random forest generate the forest and why use it over logistic regression

Random Forest Explanation

<ol>
<li>Given an example paragraph string and an integer <code>N</code>, write a function <code>n_frequent_words</code> that returns the top <code>N</code> frequent words in the posting and the frequencies for each word.</li>

<li>What’s the function run-time?</li>
</ol>

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>posting = &#34;&#34;&#34;
Herbal sauna uses the healing properties of herbs in combination with distilled water. 
The water evaporates and distributes the effect of the herbs throughout the room. 
A visit to the herbal sauna can cause real miracles, especially for colds. 
&#34;&#34;&#34; 
n = 3
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>n_frequent_words(posting,N) = [
 (&#39;the&#39;, 6), 
 (&#39;herbal&#39;, 2), 
 (&#39;sauna&#39;, 2),
]
</code></pre>

Let’s say you work at Allstate. Allstate is running <code>N</code> online ads right now. The table <code>ads</code> contains all those ads, ranked by popularity via the <code>id</code> column (e.g., the entry with <code>id = 1</code> is the most popular, etc.).

Create a subquery or common table expression named <code>top_ads</code> containing the top 3 ads (by popularity) and return the number of rows that would result from the following operations

<ol>
<li><code>ads INNER JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads LEFT JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads RIGHT JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads CROSS JOIN top_ads</code></li>
</ol>

Note: Please make the <code>join_type</code> column in your output have the values <code>inner_join</code>, <code>left_join</code>, etc. for each of their respective join types

Note: Please return only one query with each number in a different row

Example:

Input:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>join_type</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>number_of_rows</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Create top_ads with the top 3 ads and return the row counts for inner, left, right, and cross joins with ads

Size of Joins

Say you are tasked with analyzing how well a model fits the data given. You want to determine a relationship between two variables.

What is the downside of only using the R-Squared $(R^2)$ value to do so?

In the context of regression analysis, why is it misleading to rely solely on a high R-squared ($R^2$) value to infer a causal relationship between variables?

In the context of regression analysis, why is it misleading to rely solely on a high R-squared ($R^2$) value to infer a causal relationship between variables?

Using R Squared I

Which of the following best describes the R-squared ($R^2$) value in the context of a regression model?

Which of the following best describes the R-squared ($R^2$) value in the context of a regression model?

Using R Squared II

What is a limitation of using R-squared ($R^2$) as the only metric to evaluate a regression model's fit?

What is a limitation of using R-squared ($R^2$) as the only metric to evaluate a regression model's fit?

Using R Squared III

What is the difference between covariance and correlation? Provide an example.

What’s the difference between Lasso and Ridge Regression?

Under what circumstances is it recommended to use Lasso regression over Ridge regression?

Under what circumstances is it recommended to use Lasso regression over Ridge regression?

Given a <code>ListNode</code> representing the head of a linked list, write a function <code>is_cyclic</code> which returns <code>True</code> if a linked list is cyclic and <code>False</code> if it is not. A linked list is cyclic when there is no tail to the linked list, and the supposed tail is attached to another node inside the list itself, creating a cycle.

A <code>ListNode</code> is defined as:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>class ListNode:
	value: ListNode = None
 next: ListNode = None
</code></pre>

Example:

Input:

<img src="/s3/questions/1a65651d-a483-4481-b073-2738d65ab9d7.png" alt="image"/>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def is_cyclic(head) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

Cyclic Detection

Why would the same machine learning algorithm generate different success rates using the same dataset?

Note: When they ask us an ambiguous question, we need to gather context and restate it in a way that’s clear for us to answer.

Three zebras are chilling in the desert. Suddenly a lion attacks.
Each zebra is sitting on a corner of a triangle with sides of equal length.
Each zebra randomly picks a direction and only runs along the outline of the triangle to either edge of the triangle.

What is the probability that none of the zebras collide?

Three zebras are chilling in the desert. Suddenly a lion attacks.

Each zebra is sitting on a corner of a triangle with side of equal length. Each zebra randomly picks a direction and only runs along the outline of the triangle to either edge of the triangle.

What is the probability that none of the zebras collide?

Three zebras are chilling in the desert. Suddenly a lion attacks.

Each zebra is sitting on a corner of a triangle with side of equal length.  Each zebra randomly picks a direction and only runs along the outline of the triangle to either edge of the triangle.

What is the probability that none of the zebras collide?



Three Zebras

Brainteasers

An electronics retail company tracks its sales and wants to run a performance analysis. They’re hoping to categorize sales into different groups, based on the amount of sales and the region where the sale occurred. The conditions for categorization are:

<ul>
<li>Standard Sales: Any sales below 2000 are considered standard, except if they occur in the <code>East</code> region, or in the month of July.</li>
<li>Premium Sales: Any sales that are over or equal to 2000, or any sales in the <code>East</code> region (regardless of the amount), are considered premium, except again during the month of July.</li>
<li>Promotional Sales: All sales made in the promotional period of July, regardless of the amount or region, are considered promotional.</li>
</ul>

The company wants a report that sums these amounts by region to help with financial planning and bonus allocations.

Note: You may assume that table contains data only for 2023

Example:

Input:

<code>sales</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>sale_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>employee_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>product_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>sale_amount</code></td>
<td>FLOAT</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>sale_date</code></td>
<td>DATE</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>region</code></td>
<td>TEXT</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>region</code></td>
<td>TEXT</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>total_sales</code></td>
<td>FLOAT</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>premium_sales</code></td>
<td>FLOAT</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>standard_sales</code></td>
<td>FLOAT</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>promotional_sales</code></td>
<td>FLOAT</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Categorize sales based on the amount of sales and the region

Categorize Sales

Given a 2-D matrix P of predicted values and actual values, write a function precision_recall to calculate precision and recall metrics.

Return the ordered pair (precision, recall).

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>
P = [[121, 9],
 [17, 144]]
</code></pre>

where P represents the following table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Predicted =TRUE</th>
<th>Predicted =FALSE</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Actual =TRUE</td>
<td>121</td>
<td>9</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Actual =FALSE</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def precision_recall(P) -&gt; (0.931, 0.877,)
</code></pre>

Write a function to calculate precision and recall metrics.

Precision and Recall

Let’s say that you work for an E-commerce store. A new marketing manager joins the company and redesigns the existing new-user email journey to try and boost customer conversion rates. A few weeks after launching the new email journey, the new-user to customer conversion rate goes up from 40% to 43%.

Before you can celebrate, the company’s CMO points out a troubling fact. Just a few months prior to the new manager starting the conversion rate already stood at 45%, before slowly dropping down to the “starting” 40%.

How would you investigate if the redesigned email campaign actually led to the increase in the conversion rate, and that the increase wasn’t instead the result of other factors?

What would be an appropriate method to investigate whether the redesigned email campaign led to an increase in the conversion rate of an E-commerce store, in the absence of infrastructure for an AB test?

What would be an appropriate method to investigate whether the redesigned email campaign led to an increase in the conversion rate of an E-commerce store, in the absence of infrastructure for an AB test?

Causal Email Journey

Given a list of integers, identify all the duplicate values in the list. Assume that the list can contain both positive and negative numbers, and the order of the list does not matter. A number is considered a duplicate if it appears more than once in the list. Return a list of the duplicate numbers.

Example 1:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</code></pre>

The numbers 1, 2, and 3 all appear more than once in the list, so they are considered duplicates.

Example 2:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, -1, 2, 3, 3, -1]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; [-1, 3]
</code></pre>

The numbers -1 and 3 both appear more than once in the list, so they are considered duplicates. Note that the order of the output does not matter.

Example 3:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; []
</code></pre>

None of the numbers in the list appear more than once, so there are no duplicates.

This problem involves identifying duplicate numbers in a list of integers. The function should return a list of the duplicate numbers.

Find Duplicate Numbers in a List

Given two strings, write a function to return <code>True</code> if the strings are anagrams of each other and <code>False</code> if they are not.

Note: A word is not an anagram of itself.

Example 1:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>string_1 = &#34;listen&#34;
string_2 = &#34;silent&#34;
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>True
</code></pre>

Example 2:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>string_1 = &#34;banana&#34;
string_2 = &#34;bandana&#34;
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>False
</code></pre>

Write a function to return True if two strings are anagrams of each other and False if they are not

Valid Anagram

Given an array and a target integer, write a function <code>sum_pair_indices</code> that returns the indices of two integers in the array that add up to the target integer. If not found, just return an empty list.

Note: Can you do it on $O(n)$ time?

Note: Even though there could be many solutions, only one needs to be returned.

Example 1:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>array = [1 2 3 4] 
target = 5 
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def sum_pair_indices(array, target) -&gt; [0 3] or [1 2]
</code></pre>

Example 2:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>array = [3]
target = 6 
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>Do NOT return [0 0] as you can&#39;t use an index twice.
</code></pre>

What are the assumptions of linear regression?

Which assumption of the residuals of the standard linear regression model can not be overcome by increasing the sample size?

Regression assumptions

Let’s say that you work as a data scientist at a food delivery company.

You are tasked with building a model to predict food preparation times at a restaurant from the time when a customer sends in the order to when the meal is ready for the driver to pick up.

What are some reasons why measuring bias would be important in building this particular model?

What are some reasons why measuring bias would be important in building this particular model

Food Delivery Times

You’re AI engineer working on an energy forecasting system at Siemens that helps utilities predict short-term electricity demand to balance grid load and reduce outages. You train a recurrent neural network on long historical time series (weather, calendar effects, local demand signals) to forecast energy demand.

Early in training, the model appears to learn normally, but after several epochs the loss becomes highly unstable, oscillating wildly before turning into NaNs. At the same time, training slows dramatically and the model fails to recover even after restarting from recent checkpoints.

You’ve verified that the data pipeline is correct and labels are well-aligned with inputs. No changes were made to the dataset, but increasing the sequence length or learning rate makes the problem significantly worse.

How would you investigate the cause of this training instability? What signals would you look for during debugging, and how would those findings guide the changes you make to the model or training setup?

How would you investigate the cause of this training instability?

Training Instability in Neural Networks

Given a <code>users</code> table, write a query to return only its duplicate rows.

Example:

Input:

<code>users</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>created_at</code></td>
<td>DATETIME</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Duplicate Rows

Given a string, write a function to determine if it is palindrome or not.

Note: A palindrome is a word/string that is read the same way forward as it is backward, e.g. <code>&#39;reviver&#39;</code>, <code>&#39;madam&#39;</code>, <code>&#39;deified&#39;</code> and <code>&#39;civic&#39;</code> are all palindromes, while <code>&#39;tree&#39;</code>, <code>&#39;music&#39;</code> and <code>&#39;person&#39;</code> are not palindromes.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>word1 = &#34;tree&#34;
word2 = &#34;radar&#34;
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def is_palindrome(word1) -&gt; False
def is_palindrome(word2) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

Given a string, write a function to determine if it is palindrome or not.

String Palindromes

You’ve been tasked with building a classification machine-learning model to predict whether a transaction is either fraud or not fraud for a credit card company. You have ten years of historical data on transactions, including a flag for whether a transaction was manually identified as fraud.

Describe how you might go about building a fraud detection model for credit card transactions. Be sure to mention the possible model types, discuss the bias-variance tradeoff in model development, and address any complexities that arise from the class imbalance.

Input features in the data include:

<ul>
<li>Transaction amount</li>
<li>Merchant category for the transaction</li>
<li>Zip code for the merchant</li>
<li>Zip code for the billing address</li>
<li>Average transaction amount for the account over the past six months</li>
</ul>

Output feature:

<ul>
<li>0/1 flag for fraud (0 = not fraud, 1 = fraud)</li>
</ul>

Note: Fraudulent transactions are (thankfully) a very small percentage of all historical transactions. Assume fraudulent transactions are 0.01% of historical data.While building the model to perform the classification, you need to consider the bias/variance tradeoff, and take into account the fact that there is a class imbalance (very few of the observations are “fraud”).

Bias variance tradeoff and class imbalance in finance

Bias - Variance Tradeoff and Class Imbalance in Finance

Challenge

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>SENIOR PRODUCT MANAGER (ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE & ERP SYSTEMS) Freeform builds AI-native manufacturing systems that unify software, hardware, and physics to produce industrial-scale parts at the speed of human ideation. By treating manufacturing as a single integrated system, we unlock a new era of innovation where complex hardware is designed, built, and scaled without limits. We build our own ERP software, and we need a PM to own it. Freeform is in a period of massive scale: factory throughput is increasing exponentially, customer demand is accelerating across every frontier technology vertical, and the complexity of our operations is growing with it. Our parts have unique lifecycle requirements, including digital traceability from raw material to finished product, end-to-end data integrity, and compliance workflows that no off-the-shelf system is equipped to handle. So we built our own. This platform is the operating system of our factory floor today, and the backbone of a global factory network shipping millions of products to customers worldwide tomorrow. That means the architecture has to be right: flexible enough to move fast and add immediate value, but built to scale without limits as the business grows. The person in this role will be the product owner of that system, shaping its vision, driving its roadmap, and making the foundational decisions that define how Freeform operates at global scale. This is a rare opportunity to get in on the ground floor and build something with an audacious vision in front of it. If you want to own a consequential software system, work alongside world-class engineers and operators, and leave a lasting mark on a company scaling world-changing technology, this is the role. Responsibilities:<ul><li>Formulate product strategy, vision, and roadmaps for our enterprise platform, ensuring we are on the quickest and best path to scale </li><li>Work with business stakeholders across manufacturing, supply chain, finance, and operations to identify pain points, derive solutions, and prioritize the highest-ROI work </li><li>Generate clear, business-grounded requirements documents and translate them into actionable development work for engineering teams </li><li>Architect solutions with long-term scalability in mind, building systems that add immediate value today and grow without architectural constraint as the business expands globally </li><li>Present solutions and obtain alignment from a diverse user community in a clear, concise manner </li><li>Partner closely with software engineers, contributing directly to the codebase using modern AI and developer tooling alongside the engineering team </li><li>Apply strong project management discipline to set and manage expectations, track delivery, and remove blockers </li><li>Analyze feature adoption and business impact post-launch, making data-driven corrective actions to ensure initiatives meet success criteria </li><li>Drive awareness, adoption, and organizational change management around platform capabilities </li></ul>Basic Qualifications:<ul><li>Bachelor's degree </li><li>5+ years of experience as a software product manager </li><li>Experience working with ERP, MES, PLM, MRP, WMS, QMS, supply chain, or financial systems </li><li>Fluency with modern AI coding tools (e.g. Claude Code, Cursor, GitHub Copilot) and ability to contribute meaningfully to a codebase alongside software engineers </li></ul>Nice to Have:<ul><li>Bachelor's degree in computer science, information systems, engineering, or similar technical discipline </li><li>Experience with manufacturing operations, supply chain workflows, or production environments </li><li>Experience architecting data models </li><li>Familiarity with backend web frameworks such as Flask or Django, and frontend frameworks such as React or Next.js, sufficient for informed technical conversations and writing clear requirements </li><li>Comfortable working in fast-paced, ambiguous environments and iterating quickly, building the plane as we fly it </li><li>Demonstrated ability to influence cross-functional teams without formal authority </li><li>Proven track record of defining, documenting, and deploying process change alongside systems capabilities </li><li>Strong communicator who collaborates across disciplines and proactively surfaces blockers and tradeoffs </li></ul>Location:<ul><li>Based in Hawthorne, our vertically integrated facility brings technology development, R&D, and production together under one roof. We operate at the center of LA's deep tech ecosystem, surrounded by some of the most ambitious hardware innovation happening anywhere in the country. </li><li>Our fast-paced, cross-functional environment is built on close collaboration, and as such, this role requires full-time onsite presence (five days a week), with very limited exceptions. </li></ul>Why Freeform?<ul><li>We have an inclusive and diverse culture that values collaboration, learning, and making deliberate data-driven decisions. </li><li>We offer a unique opportunity to be an early and integral member of a rapidly growing company that is scaling world-changing technology. </li><li>Benefits <ul><li>Significant stock option packages </li><li>100% employer-paid Medical, Dental, and Vision insurance (premium PPO and HMO options) </li><li>Life insurance </li><li>Traditional and Roth 401(k) </li><li>Relocation assistance provided </li><li>Paid vacation, sick leave, and company holidays </li><li>Generous Paid Parental Leave and extended transition back to work for the birthing parent </li><li>Free daily catered lunch and dinner, and fully stocked kitchenette </li><li>Casual dress, flexible work hours, and regular catered team building events </li></ul></li><li>Compensation <ul><li>As a growing company, the salary range is intentionally wide as we determine the most appropriate package for each individual taking into consideration years of experience, educational background, and unique skills and abilities as demonstrated throughout the interview process. Our intent is to offer a salary that is commensurate for the company's current stage of development and allows the employee to grow and develop within a role. </li><li>In addition to the significant stock option package, the estimated salary range for this role is $150,000 - $250,000. The upper end of the range is reserved for individuals who demonstrate exceptional experience, deep domain mastery, and a proven history of high performance and impact. </li></ul></li><li>Freeform is an Equal Opportunity Employer that values diversity; employment with Freeform is governed on the basis of merit, competence and qualifications and will not be influenced in any manner by race, color, religion, gender, national origin/ethnicity, veteran status, disability status, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, mental or physical disability or any other legally protected status. </li></ul></div></div>

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>SOFTWARE ENGINEER (EMBEDDED)Freeform builds AI-native manufacturing systems that unify software, hardware, and physics to produce industrial-scale parts at the speed of human ideation. By treating manufacturing as a single integrated system, we unlock a new era of innovation where complex hardware is designed, built, and scaled without limits.As an Embedded Software Engineer at Freeform, you will be responsible for contributing to the architecture of critical embedded software systems that enable our advanced metal 3D printing factories to operate fully autonomously at high speeds with precision. This entails developing software solutions for hardware control/autonomy, high speed data acquisition, and custom high-performance compute systems. Projects will vary across the stack, so we expect our engineers to be flexible and always put the mission first. 3D printing experience is not required to be successful here - rather we look for smart, motivated, collaborative engineers who love solving hard problems and creating amazing technology! Responsibilities:<ul><li>Contribute to the architecture of state-of-the art software for an advanced production-scale metal 3D printing system</li><li>Design and develop the machine instruction interface to the metal 3D printing system hardware</li><li>Develop software to enable the computer vision system, monitor sensor data, perform calibrations, log quality data, and keep track of the health of the printing system over its lifetime</li><li>Work with process and control engineers to integrate control algorithms into production software</li><li>Work with FPGA developers to develop high-speed data acquisition software</li><li>Create software for collection and analysis of process data</li><li>Develop software required to implement production automation solutions</li><li>Develop, unit test, and deploy functional, scalable, robust, and maintainable software</li><li>Generate and maintain documentation of designed software and integrated systems </li></ul>Basic Qualifications:<ul><li>Bachelors in computer science, computer engineering, electrical engineering, applied mathematics, or related field</li><li>2+ years of professional, post-graduation experience in software development using C/C++</li><li>Experience in real-time embedded system design with Linux OS </li></ul>Nice to Have:<ul><li>Experience working in a high-performance compute environment (FPGAs or GPUs)</li><li>Experience with PCIe driver development and troubleshooting</li><li>Experience with Rust</li><li>Experience with high-speed data acquisition and real time closed-loop-control systems</li><li>Excellent knowledge of OS coding techniques, IP protocols, interfaces, and hardware subsystems</li><li>Experience writing software for industrial automation systems, robotics, or related hardware</li><li>Creative thinker able to apply first-principles reasoning to solve complex problems</li><li>Excellent verbal and written communication skills </li></ul>Location:<ul><li>Based in Hawthorne, our vertically integrated facility brings technology development, R&D, and production together under one roof. We operate at the center of LA's deep tech ecosystem, surrounded by some of the most ambitious hardware innovation happening anywhere in the country. </li></ul><ul><li>Our fast-paced, cross-functional environment is built on close collaboration, and as such, this role requires full-time onsite presence (five days a week), with very limited exceptions. </li></ul>What We Offer:<ul><li>We have an inclusive and diverse culture that values collaboration, learning, and making deliberate data-driven decisions.</li><li>We offer a unique opportunity to be an early and integral member of a rapidly growing company that is scaling a world-changing technology.</li><li>Benefits <ul><li>Significant stock option packages</li><li>100% employer-paid Medical, Dental, and Vision insurance (premium PPO and HMO options)</li><li>Life insurance</li><li>Traditional and Roth 401(k)</li><li>Relocation assistance provided</li><li>Paid vacation, sick leave, and company holidays</li><li>Generous Paid Parental Leave and extended transition back to work for the birthing parent</li><li>Free daily catered lunch and dinner, and fully stocked kitchenette</li><li>Casual dress, flexible work hours, and regular catered team building events</li></ul></li><li>Compensation <ul><li>As a growing company, the salary range is intentionally wide as we determine the most appropriate package for each individual taking into consideration years of experience, educational background, and unique skills and abilities as demonstrated throughout the interview process. Our intent is to offer a salary that is commensurate for the company's current stage of development and allows the employee to grow and develop within a role.</li><li>In addition to the significant stock option package, the estimated salary range for this role is $115,000-$145,000. The upper end of the range is reserved for individuals who demonstrate exceptional experience, deep domain mastery, and a proven history of high performance and impact.</li></ul></li><li>Freeform is an Equal Opportunity Employer that values diversity; employment with Freeform is governed on the basis of merit, competence and qualifications and will not be influenced in any manner by race, color, religion, gender, national origin/ethnicity, veteran status, disability status, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, mental or physical disability or any other legally protected status. </li></ul></div></div>

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>SOFTWARE ENGINEERFreeform builds AI-native manufacturing systems that unify software, hardware, and physics to produce industrial-scale parts at the speed of human ideation. By treating manufacturing as a single integrated system, we unlock a new era of innovation where complex hardware is designed, built, and scaled without limits.As a Software Engineer at Freeform, you will play a key role in developing and deploying the software systems that power our autonomous metal 3D printing factories. You'll work with a talented engineering team from some of the world's most innovative companies across a range of projects including controls, high-speed data acquisition, high-performance computing (GPU's and FPGA's), and geometry processing pipelines that enable precise and fully automated manufacturing at scale. Your work will directly impact the performance, reliability, and scalability of our factory systems. The ideal candidate thrives in ambiguity, takes initiative on complex technical problems, and works collaboratively across disciplines to deliver robust, high-performance software solutions. This is an opportunity to build foundational systems for a new category of manufacturing technology - where your code doesn't just run, it drives physical innovation. 3D printing experience is not required to be successful here - rather we look for smart, motivated, collaborative engineers who love solving hard problems and creating amazing technology! Responsibilities:<ul><li>Architect and develop software for an advanced, production-scale metal 3D printing factory </li><li>Work with process, control, and mechanical engineers to integrate control algorithms into production software </li><li>Improve and scale out high-rate data acquisition, storage, and retrieval systems </li><li>Implement processes for converting customer part geometries into machine print instructions </li></ul>Basic Qualifications:<ul><li>Bachelor's degree in computer science, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, or physics</li><li>Proficiency in a systems level programming language such as C/C++ or Rust</li><li>Experience with high-performance systems software such as hardware control software, embedded software, high-volume telemetry systems, graphics rendering, or similar</li></ul>Nice to Have:<ul><li>Experience interfacing with microcontrollers, FPGA, or GPU computing hardware </li><li>Experience developing embedded or real-time software systems </li><li>Experience writing software for industrial automation systems, rockets, spacecrafts, robotics, or related hardware that operates with the physical world </li><li>Experience working in a Linux or RTOS environment </li><li>Comfortable working in fast-paced, ambiguous environments and iterating quickly (comfortable building the plane as we fly it) </li><li>Strong communicator who collaborates across disciplines and proactively seeks support when needed </li><li>Willing to take ownership of tasks big and small, with a hands-on, problem-solving mindset </li><li>Strong work ethic with a refuse-to-fail mindset </li><li>Demonstrated indicators of excellence and/or achieving success against adversity (i.e. top academic performance, leadership in engineering clubs, first-generation college student, or other examples of resilience and achievement) </li></ul>Location:<ul><li>Based in Hawthorne, our vertically integrated facility brings technology development, R&D, and production together under one roof. We operate at the center of LA's deep tech ecosystem, surrounded by some of the most ambitious hardware innovation happening anywhere in the country.</li><li>Our fast-paced, cross-functional environment is built on close collaboration, and as such, this role requires full-time onsite presence (five days a week), with very limited exceptions.</li></ul>What We Offer:<ul><li>We have an inclusive and diverse culture that values collaboration, learning, and making deliberate data-driven decisions. </li><li>We offer a unique opportunity to be an early and integral member of a rapidly growing company that is scaling world-changing technology. </li><li>Benefits <ul><li>Significant stock option packages </li><li>100% employer-paid Medical, Dental, and Vision insurance (premium PPO and HMO options) </li><li>Life insurance </li><li>Traditional and Roth 401(k) </li><li>Relocation assistance provided </li><li>Paid vacation, sick leave, and company holidays </li><li>Generous Paid Parental Leave and extended transition back to work for the birthing parent </li><li>Free daily catered lunch and dinner, and fully stocked kitchenette </li><li>Casual dress, flexible work hours, and regular catered team building events </li></ul></li><li>Compensation <ul><li>Our intent is to offer a salary that is commensurate for the company's current stage of development and allows the employee to grow and develop within a role. </li><li>In addition to the significant stock option package, the estimated salary range for this role is $115,000-$150,000. The upper end of the range is reserved for individuals who demonstrate exceptional experience, deep domain mastery, and a proven history of high performance and impact.</li></ul></li><li>Freeform is an Equal Opportunity Employer that values diversity; employment with Freeform is governed on the basis of merit, competence and qualifications and will not be influenced in any manner by race, color, religion, gender, national origin/ethnicity, veteran status, disability status, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, mental or physical disability or any other legally protected status. </li></ul></div></div>

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>SENIOR SOFTWARE ENGINEER (EMBEDDED)Freeform builds AI-native manufacturing systems that unify software, hardware, and physics to produce industrial-scale parts at the speed of human ideation. By treating manufacturing as a single integrated system, we unlock a new era of innovation where complex hardware is designed, built, and scaled without limits.As a Senior Embedded Software Engineer at Freeform, you will be responsible for architecting and implementing critical embedded software systems that enable our advanced metal 3D printing factories to operate fully autonomously at high speeds with precision. This entails developing elegant software solutions for hardware control, high speed data acquisition, and custom high performance compute systems. Your software will effectively act as the nervous system of our fully automated metal printing factories. As a crucial member of the engineering team you will be responsible for driving the pace of innovation, maximizing development speed, and maintaining a standard of excellence within the entire engineering team.3D printing experience is not required to be successful here - rather we look for smart, motivated, collaborative engineers who love solving hard problems and creating amazing technology!Responsibilities:<ul><li>Architect state-of-the-art software for an advanced production-scale metal 3D printing system</li><li>Design and develop the machine instruction interface to the metal 3D printing system hardware</li><li>Develop software to enable the computer vision system, monitor sensor data, perform calibrations, log quality data, and keep track of the health of the printing system over its lifetime</li><li>Work with process and control engineers to integrate control algorithms into production software</li><li>Work with FPGA developers to develop high-speed data acquisition software</li><li>Create software for collection and analysis of process data</li><li>Develop software required to implement production automation solutions</li><li>Develop, unit test, and deploy functional, scalable, robust, and maintainable software</li><li>Generate and maintain documentation of designed software and integrated systems</li></ul>Basic Qualifications:<ul><li>5+ years of experience in software development using C/C++ and/or Rust</li><li>Experience in real-time embedded system design with Linux OS</li><li>Experience in object-oriented programming and design</li></ul>Nice to Have:<ul><li>Bachelor's, Master's or PhD in computer science, applied mathematics, engineering, or related field</li><li>Experience working in a high performance compute environment (FPGAs or GPUs)</li><li>Experience with PCIe driver development and troubleshooting</li><li>Experience with high speed data acquisition and real time closed-loop-control systems</li><li>Excellent knowledge of OS coding techniques, IP protocols, interfaces, and hardware subsystems</li><li>Experience writing software for industrial automation systems, robotics, or related hardware</li><li>Creative thinker able to apply first-principles reasoning to solve complex problems</li><li>Excellent verbal and written communication skills</li></ul>Location:<ul><li>Based in Hawthorne, our vertically integrated facility brings technology development, R&D, and production together under one roof. We operate at the center of LA's deep tech ecosystem, surrounded by some of the most ambitious hardware innovation happening anywhere in the country.</li><li>Our fast-paced, cross-functional environment is built on close collaboration, and as such, this role requires full-time onsite presence (five days a week), with very limited exceptions.</li></ul>What We Offer:<ul><li>We have an inclusive and diverse culture that values collaboration, learning, and making deliberate data-driven decisions.</li><li>We offer a unique opportunity to be an early and integral member of a rapidly growing company that is scaling a world-changing technology.</li><li>Benefits <ul><li>Significant stock option packages</li><li>100% employer-paid Medical, Dental, and Vision insurance (premium PPO and HMO options)</li><li>Life insurance</li><li>Traditional and Roth 401(k)</li><li>Relocation assistance provided</li><li>Paid vacation, sick leave, and company holidays</li><li>Generous Paid Parental Leave and extended transition back to work for the birthing parent</li><li>Free daily catered lunch and dinner, and fully stocked kitchenette</li><li>Casual dress, flexible work hours, and regular catered team building events</li></ul></li><li>Compensation <ul><li>As a growing company, the salary range is intentionally wide as we determine the most appropriate package for each individual taking into consideration years of experience, educational background, and unique skills and abilities as demonstrated throughout the interview process. Our intent is to offer a salary that is commensurate for the company's current stage of development and allows the employee to grow and develop within a role. </li><li>In addition to the significant stock option package, the estimated salary range for this role is $140,000-$250,000. The upper end of the range is reserved for individuals who demonstrate exceptional experience, deep domain mastery, and a proven history of high performance and impact.</li></ul></li><li>Freeform is an Equal Opportunity Employer that values diversity; employment with Freeform is governed on the basis of merit, competence and qualifications and will not be influenced in any manner by race, color, religion, gender, national origin/ethnicity, veteran status, disability status, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, mental or physical disability or any other legally protected status. </li></ul></div></div>

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