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Suppose there exists a new airline named Jetco that flies domestically across North America. Jetco recently had a study commissioned that tested the boarding time of every airline, and it came out that Jetco had the fastest average boarding times of any airline.

What factors could have biased this result, and what would you look into?

What could potentially bias the average boarding time in favor of an airline that only flies domestically?

What could potentially bias the average boarding time in favor of an airline that only flies domestically?

Boarding Times Bias

A new airline came out as the fastest average boarding times compared to other airlines.  What factors could have biased this result and what would you look into?

Statistics

You are testing hundreds of hypotheses with many t-tests. What considerations should be made?

What is a key disadvantage of the F-test when compared to multiple t-tests?

What is a key disadvantage of the F-test when compared to multiple t-tests?

Hundreds of Hypotheses

You are testing hundreds of hypotheses with many t-tests. What considerations should be made?

Let’s say you work for a social media company that has just done a launch in a new city. Looking at weekly metrics, you see a slow decrease in the average number of comments per user from January to March in this city.

The company has been consistently growing new users in the city from January to March.

What are some reasons why the average number of comments per user would be decreasing and what metrics would you look into?

What metric could be used to measure if active users are still engaging on the platform despite an overall decrease in the average number of comments per user?

What metric could be used to measure if active users are still engaging on the platform despite an overall decrease in the average number of comments per user?

Decreasing Comments

How would you investigate a decline in the average number of comments per user?

Product Metrics

<div><h2>Sales Engineering Manager</h2>Skeletons, lasers, monster trucks the Torq brand grabs attention like nothing else in cybersecurity. And we're growing like crazy, with $70M in Series C funding, 200% employee growth, and 300% revenue growth in 2024. Fueling Torq's growth are our game changing agentic AI security solutions, backed by a team and culture that makes Torq one of Forbes' Best Startup Employers in America, and a Business Insider 'startup to bet your career on'.Life at Torq is all gas, no brakes. We're a team of relentless, collaborative go-getters pushing the boundaries of what's possible for security automation. Every role is an essential driver of Torq's success as the AI-native autonomous SecOps platform of choice for security teams across the Fortune 500. Excited about our vision and ready to make an impact as we grow? We'd love to see what you can bring to the team.<h3>What You'll Do</h3><ul><li>Lead and scale a high-performing Sales Engineering team, fostering a culture of technical excellence, accountability, and collaboration.</li><li>Develop and execute regional SE strategy and best practices aligned with global sales objectives.</li><li>Partner with Sales, Product, and Marketing leadership to drive operational efficiency, improve win rates, and meet quarterly and annual revenue goals.</li><li>Coach and mentor Sales Engineers through complex deals, helping them align customer technical needs with Torq's business value.</li><li>Ensure process discipline, including consistent use of CRM systems, sales methodologies, and reporting accuracy.</li><li>Deliver impactful enablement ensuring your team has the tools, training, and messaging needed to effectively position Torq's solutions.</li><li>Represent Torq externally at industry events, conferences, and partner engagements as a thought leader and evangelist.</li><li>Collaborate cross-functionally with Product and Engineering to provide field insights and shape future product direction.</li><li>Maintain operational excellence across all SE activities from pipeline forecasting to proof-of-concept execution.</li></ul><h3>Requirements</h3><ul><li>3+ years of leadership experience managing high-performing pre-sales or sales engineering teams within a SaaS or cybersecurity company.</li><li>7+ years of overall experience in pre-sales engineering or solutions architecture roles.</li><li>Proven track record of building and leading teams that exceed quota and deliver measurable business impact.</li><li>Deep understanding of the pre-sales process, sales methodologies, and enterprise sales motions.</li><li>Technical depth in Cloud Security and automation solutions; hands-on familiarity with AWS, GCP, or Azure.</li><li>Experience with scripting/programming (Python, PowerShell, Bash, etc.) and APIs.</li><li>Strong familiarity with cybersecurity products such as SIEM, SOAR, EDR, Cloud Security, and Email Security.</li><li>Exceptional communication and presentation skills, capable of influencing both technical stakeholders and executive decision-makers.</li><li>Demonstrated success engaging with Fortune 1000 customers in complex enterprise environments.</li><li>Strong organizational, project management, and operational skills, with the ability to balance strategy and execution.</li><li>Willingness to travel frequently across the United States as needed.</li></ul>As an equal opportunity employer, we are committed to a team defined and empowered by diversity. We consider qualified applicants without regard to race, religion, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status.By submitting your application, you acknowledge that Torq will process your personal data in accordance with Torq's Privacy Policy.</div>

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>Consultant – Data and AnalyticsAre you pumped about digging into data and really breaking it down? Do you love figuring out how to boost business efficiency with data insights? Does it get you excited to see your findings turn into real strategies? If this sounds like you, Torq is where you need to be! We're on the lookout for skilled data & analytics professionals ready to make a big impact on our clients' businesses. Our team dives into tough projects every day to tackle our clients' biggest challenges, and we need passionate data lovers to join us. In this role, you won't just be gathering data and making dashboards. We want people who can navigate the entire data lifecycle and turn raw data into valuable insights that drive key decisions and actions. We're looking for leaders who can inspire and show our clients the amazing potential data can offer. What You Could Be DoingWhile every project we work on is different, below is a high-level overview of some of the responsibilities/hats you may wear: <ul><li>Collaborate with business stakeholders from sales, marketing, product, and operations teams to document reporting needs and provide analysis. </li><li>Work cross-functionally with IT and digital teams to source data and identify efficient solutions. </li><li>Establish data veracity through checking, cleaning, and transforming data per enterprise standards. </li><li>Develop KPIs and metrics that add business value and insight while building interactive visualizations that allow stakeholders to easily process and take action. </li><li>Simplify data into a compelling story that will be presented to stakeholders, including high-level executives and leaders. </li></ul>What You Bring to the TableWhen you join our team, you're a consultant first. This means there are core skills we expect out of each of our team members. These include: <ul><li>3+ years of experience in Consulting, Data Analysis, Business Intelligence, or a related field </li><li>Minimum of a 4-year degree</li><li>Ability to understand and assess our client's business challenges including underlying gaps and areas of opportunity. </li><li>Proficient in listening to understand the root of our client's problems in order to propose actionable solutions </li><li>Communicate findings, recommendations, and progress to clients clearly and effectively, often through presentations and reports </li><li>Ability to manage in an environment of ambiguity with diverse stakeholders </li><li>Facilitate regular updates and feedback sessions with clients to ensure alignment and address any concerns. </li></ul>In addition, each one of our consultants brings a unique and valuable toolbox of skills with them specific to their practice. Below are some examples of skills we are always looking to add to the team (don't worry – we don't expect you to have all of them, but they are always a plus!): <ul><li>Demonstrated ability to analyze data and develop visualizations that lead actionable insight  </li><li>Experience with Power BI, Tableau, QlikView, or other data visualization tools  </li><li>Experience with SQL or other querying languages  </li><li>Experience with Python, R, SAS, or statistical analytics tools  </li><li>Working knowledge of Web Analytics and Tagging platforms like Adobe Analytics or Google Analytics a plus  </li><li>Working knowledge of Data Governance and Master Data Management standards and frameworks </li><li>Working knowledge of data models and data storage methodologies </li><li>Working knowledge of database management systems such as MySQL, Oracle, MongoDB, etc. </li><li>Ability to navigate enterprise big data ecosystems and familiarity with platforms and tools like Snowflake, Azure, Redshift, S3, Databricks, and Kubernetes </li><li>Working knowledge of ETL and data pipeline development including experience with Alteryx, Talend, Boomi and Informatica PowerCenter </li></ul>Benefits and Other Fun Stuff: We ask our consultants to be superstars, so we treat them like it. Even better, our perks are designed for employees by our employees. We do this because we believe in delivering a compelling benefits package that puts you at the heart of our rewards. <ul><li>Competitive Salary – your bank account will be smiling</li><li>Unlimited PTO – we're serious about that work-life balance thing</li><li>Best-in-class health/vision/dental benefits – your health is our priority</li><li>Generous 401K options – take care of your future with us</li><li>Opportunity to be a key player at a highly reputable, fast-growing consulting firm</li><li>High degree of internal mobility and diverse project opportunities</li></ul>The salary range for this position considers multiple factors influencing compensation decisions, such as skillset, previous experience, certifications, and various business & organizational requirements. Being hired at or near the top of the range for this role is uncommon, as compensation determinations rely on individual circumstances. Currently, the base salary range is estimated to be between $90,000 and $130,000.<div>Torq is an Equal Opportunity Employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, genetic information, age, disability, veteran status, or any other legally protected basis.*Note: No visa sponsorship is available for this position, all applicants must be currently authorized to work in the United States for any employer.</div></div></div>

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>Are you an experienced software engineer who thrives on solving complex technical challenges, building scalable systems, and leading by example?At Torq, we help clients build intelligent, efficient, and modern software systems. While we occasionally use AI tools where they make sense, we're focused on delivering real business value through engineering excellence — clear architecture, maintainable code, and pragmatic problem-solving.We're looking for Senior and Lead Software Engineers who are still hands-on, love to build, and are excited to architect solutions, mentor teammates, and own delivery from start to finish.If you're a builder at heart, comfortable with ambiguity, and love working on meaningful projects that make an impact — you'll fit right in.What You Could Be DoingWhile every project we work on is different, below is a high-level overview of some of the responsibilities/hats you may wear:<ul><li>Design and build scalable, production-grade software systems — backend APIs, platforms, integrations, services</li><li>Collaborate with cross-functional teams to translate business needs into technical solutions</li><li>Rapidly prototype ideas, validate concepts, and iterate quickly</li><li>Use modern development tools (including AI assistants like Copilot or Claude) to improve productivity — when it makes sense</li><li>Own technical architecture decisions and help shape engineering direction</li><li>Write clean, well-tested code, and lead by example in code reviews and design</li><li>Mentor teammates and contribute to a strong engineering culture</li><li>Communicate clearly with both technical and non-technical stakeholders</li></ul>What You Bring to the TableWhen you join our team, you're a consultant first. This means there are core skills we expect out of each of our team members. These include:<ul><li>5+ years of professional software engineering experience</li><li>Proven ability to lead the design and implementation of complex systems</li><li>You're still hands-on — comfortable writing, reviewing, and debugging code regularly</li><li>Solid knowledge of backend technologies (Python, Java, Node.js, .NET, etc.)</li><li>Familiarity with frontend frameworks (React, Next.js, etc.)</li><li>Experience working in agile, cross-functional environments</li><li>Comfort navigating ambiguity and working on fast-moving projects</li><li>Strong communication and collaboration skills</li><li>Consulting mindset — solutions-focused, adaptable, and client-oriented</li></ul>Bonus Points for Experience With:We welcome engineers from diverse technical backgrounds — we care more about your ability to think, build, and lead, than ticking every box on a tool list.<ul><li>Hands-on with AI dev tools (Copilot, Cursor, Claude, etc.)</li><li>Rapid prototyping tools (Replit, v0.dev, Bolt, etc.)</li><li>Prior consulting, pre-sales engineering, or client-facing experience</li><li>Designing and scaling distributed systems, real-time or event-driven architectures</li><li>Working with cloud platforms (AWS, Azure, GCP) and containerization tools (Docker, Kubernetes)</li><li>Building and consuming RESTful APIs, GraphQL, or other service architectures</li><li>Infrastructure as code (e.g. Terraform, Pulumi) or DevOps tooling</li><li>Building CI/CD pipelines and automating development workflows</li><li>Test automation frameworks (e.g. Cypress, Playwright, Selenium)</li><li>Open-source contributions or participation in engineering communities</li></ul>Benefits and Other Fun StuffWe ask our consultants to be superstars, so we treat them like it. Even better, our perks are designed for employees by our employees. We do this because we believe in delivering a compelling benefits package that puts you at the heart of our rewards.<ul><li>Competitive Salary – your bank account will be smiling</li><li>Unlimited PTO – we're serious about that work-life balance thing</li><li>Best-in-class health/vision/dental benefits – your health is our priority</li><li>Generous 401K options – take care of your future with us</li><li>Paid Parental Leave - supporting you during life's biggest milestones </li><li>Opportunity to be a key player at a highly reputable, fast-growing consulting firm</li><li>High degree of internal mobility and diverse project opportunities</li></ul>The salary range for this position considers multiple factors influencing compensation decisions, such as skillset, previous experience, certifications, and various business & organizational requirements. Being hired at or near the top of the range for this role is uncommon, as compensation determinations rely on individual circumstances. Currently, the base salary range is estimated to be between $110,000 and $140,000.<div>Torq is an Equal Opportunity Employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, genetic information, age, disability, veteran status, or any other legally protected basis.*Note: No visa sponsorship is available for this position, all applicants must be currently authorized to work in the United States for any employer.</div></div></div>

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>Are you a deeply technical leader who thrives on solving high-impact problems, scaling systems, and guiding engineering teams through hands-on leadership?At Torq, we work with forward-thinking organizations to design and deliver modern, scalable software solutions. We're looking for a Principal Software Engineer to help lead these efforts — someone who combines architectural depth, technical breadth, and the ability to mentor and influence other engineers.This is a role for engineers who've moved beyond being great individual contributors — and now amplify their impact through teams, design patterns, strategic guidance, and strong technical leadership.What You Could Be DoingIn this role, you'll work closely with engineering teams, technical leaders, and business stakeholders to:<ul><li>Define and lead technical direction across complex systems, projects, or client engagements</li><li>Architect scalable, fault-tolerant solutions that solve real business problems</li><li>Work hands-on with modern cloud-native technologies — AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes, container orchestration, and more</li><li>Design and deliver APIs and service architectures that enable fast, stable delivery and long-term maintainability</li><li>Set and uphold high engineering standards — reliability, testability, performance, and security</li><li>Guide multiple teams through ambiguous technical challenges and trade-offs</li><li>Collaborate with cross-functional partners (product, design, business) to align engineering with business needs</li><li>Coach, mentor, and elevate other engineers — sharing knowledge and driving best practices</li><li>Act as a trusted advisor for clients — bringing credibility, clarity, and calm to high-stakes situations</li><li>Identify emerging technologies and evaluate their application in real-world systems</li><li>Occasionally prototype ideas or lead technical spikes to de-risk and accelerate delivery</li></ul>What You Bring to the TableYou're a proven technical leader with experience guiding teams and delivering complex software in production environments.<ul><li>8+ years of professional software engineering experience</li><li>Demonstrated leadership of teams or multiple teams — setting direction, coaching others, and owning outcomes</li><li>Deep experience building and operating distributed systems, microservices, or high-scale platforms</li><li>Expertise in modern cloud environments — AWS, Azure, or GCP — and cloud-native design patterns</li><li>Strong working knowledge of containerization, orchestration, and CI/CD pipelines (e.g., Docker, Kubernetes, GitHub Actions, ArgoCD)</li><li>Proven experience designing and consuming RESTful APIs, GraphQL, and service-layer architectures</li><li>Experience with backend languages like Python, Java, Node.js, or .NET — and the ability to pick up new stacks</li><li>Comfort working in agile environments with cross-functional teams</li><li>Consulting mindset: you bring clarity to chaos, ask the right questions, and know how to deliver value</li><li>Exceptional written and verbal communication skills — you influence through clarity, not control</li></ul>Bonus Points for Experience With:We value engineers who combine technical strength with humility, curiosity, and the ability to lead through collaboration. (Not required, but highly valued — especially if you've worked in consulting or client-facing roles.)<ul><li>Designing real-time, event-driven, or data-intensive systems</li><li>Infrastructure-as-Code tools (e.g., Terraform, Pulumi)</li><li>Strong understanding of software reliability engineering (SRE) practices — observability, alerting, incident response</li><li>Hands-on experience with AI-assisted development tools (e.g. Copilot, Claude, Cursor)</li><li>Open-source contributions or experience building internal frameworks / libraries</li><li>Prior consulting or pre-sales engineering experience — especially with complex stakeholder environments</li><li>Experience influencing technical roadmaps, org-wide standards, or platform strategy</li></ul>Benefits and Other Fun StuffWe're a fast-growing consulting firm with a reputation for technical excellence and a healthy, supportive culture. Our projects are diverse, our teams are collaborative, and our engineers are trusted to own the outcomes.<ul><li>Competitive Salary – your bank account will be smiling</li><li>Unlimited PTO – we're serious about that work-life balance thing</li><li>Best-in-class health/vision/dental benefits – your health is our priority</li><li>Generous 401K options – take care of your future with us</li><li>Paid Parental Leave - supporting you during life's biggest milestones </li><li>Opportunity to be a key player at a highly reputable, fast-growing consulting firm</li><li>High degree of internal mobility and diverse project opportunities</li></ul>The salary range for this position considers multiple factors influencing compensation decisions, such as skillset, previous experience, certifications, and various business & organizational requirements. Being hired at or near the top of the range for this role is uncommon, as compensation determinations rely on individual circumstances. Currently, the base salary range is estimated to be between $140,000 and $170,000+<div>Torq is an Equal Opportunity Employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, genetic information, age, disability, veteran status, or any other legally protected basis.*Note: No visa sponsorship is available for this position, all applicants must be currently authorized to work in the United States for any employer.</div></div></div>

<h3>Job Description</h3><div>Job Description<div>Are you driven by the challenge of turning complex data into actionable insights? Do you thrive on building scalable data systems that power better decisions and real business impact? If you're ready to lead with purpose and bring data to life, Torq is the place for you.We are looking for data engineers and technical leaders who don't just build pipelines and create dashboards—they design systems that solve real business challenges and influence key strategic decisions for our clients.At Torq, you'll join a collaborative team that takes on complex, high-impact projects. You'll guide clients through the full data lifecycle—from raw ingestion to advanced analytics—and help them unlock the full potential of their data ecosystem.What You Could Be Doing While every project we work on is different, below is a high-level overview of some of the responsibilities/hats you may wear: <ul><li>Build strong relationships with data consumers to understand usage patterns and design intuitive, scalable data models.</li><li>Design, develop, and deliver high-quality data pipelines that align with privacy, governance, and performance best practices.</li><li>Build both real-time and batch data integrations from a variety of source systems into cloud-based data lakes and warehouses.</li><li>Develop and maintain ETL/ELT processes and tools to support both streaming and offline analytics.</li><li>Define and implement key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the efficiency, quality, and reliability of data engineering processes.</li><li>Participate in code reviews, promoting clean, maintainable, and well-documented code aligned with engineering best practices.</li><li>Create and maintain data definitions and metadata consistent with data management standards.</li><li>Provide operational support for data integration and transformation workflows in production environments.</li></ul>What You Bring to the Table When you join our team, you're a consultant first. This means there are core skills we expect out of each of our team members. These include: <ul><li>Bachelor's degree in Data Science, Computer Science, Information Systems, Engineering, or a related field</li><li>5+ years of hands-on experience in data warehousing, ETL development, and data modeling (both conceptual and physical) or other related technical & analytical work</li><li>Willingness to work a hybrid schedule (2-3 days per-week onsite)</li><li>Data acquisition & sourcing: APIs, flat files, event streams</li><li>Solid experience with ETL/ELT pipeline development, scripting automation, including performance optimization & data quality assurance <ul><li>Tools like: Python, SQL, Apache Airflow, dbt, Kafka, Terraform, etc.</li></ul></li><li>Strong understanding of data architecture, schema design, normalization/denormalization, and data lifecycle management <ul><li>Cloud data platforms: Azure Data Services (preferred), AWS, or Google Cloud Platform </li><li>Data Warehousing: Synapse, Snowflake, BigQuery, Redshift, etc. </li></ul></li><li>Proficient in Reporting Platforms to query large data sets <ul><li>Ex: PowerBI, Tableau, Looker, or similar tools</li></ul></li><li>Familiarity with data governance security, and compliance best practices (Collibra, Unity Catalog, Purview)</li><li>Proficient in SQL and experienced in designing efficient queries for large-scale data sets </li><li>Strong communication skills and the ability to collaborate with both technical and non-technical stakeholders</li></ul>In addition, each one of our consultants brings a unique and valuable toolbox of skills with them specific to their practice. Below are some examples of skills we are always looking to add to the team (don't worry – we don't expect you to have all of them, but they are always a plus!): <ul><li>Experience with CI/CD pipelines for data solutions using tools like GitHub Actions, Azure DevOps, or Jenkins</li><li>Exposure to Power BI or other BI tools for data visualization and reporting</li><li>Experience with Delta Lake, Data Mesh, or Lakehouse architectures</li><li>Familiarity with Databricks on Azure</li></ul>Benefits and Other Fun Stuff: We ask our consultants to be superstars, so we treat them like it. Even better, our perks are designed for employees by our employees. We do this because we believe in delivering a compelling benefits package that puts you at the heart of our rewards.<ul><li>Competitive Salary – your bank account will be smiling</li><li>Unlimited PTO – we're serious about that work-life balance thing</li><li>Best-in-class health/vision/dental benefits – your health is our priority</li><li>Generous 401K options – take care of your future with us</li><li>Paid Parental Leave - supporting you during life's biggest milestones</li><li>Opportunity to be a key player at a highly reputable, fast-growing consulting firm</li><li>High degree of internal mobility and diverse project opportunities</li></ul>The salary range for this position considers multiple factors influencing compensation decisions, such as skillset, previous experience, certifications, and various business & organizational requirements. Being hired at or near the top of the range for this role is uncommon, as compensation determinations rely on individual circumstances. Currently, the base salary range is estimated to be between $100,000 and $140,000.<div>Torq is an Equal Opportunity Employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, genetic information, age, disability, veteran status, or any other legally protected basis.*Note: No visa sponsorship is available for this position, all applicants must be currently authorized to work in the United States for any employer.</div></div></div>

Question	Topic	Difficulty	Ask Chance
Boarding Times Bias	Statistics	Medium	Very High
Hundreds of Hypotheses	Statistics	Medium	Very High
Decreasing Comments	Product Metrics	Easy	Very High

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