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City of Hope Interview Questions

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Behavioral

Describing a data project and its challenges

Hurdles In Data Projects

Strategically resolving misaligned expectations with stakeholders for a successful project outcome

Stakeholder Communication

How would you answer when an Interviewer asks why you applied to their company?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us

How would you prepare and monitor a churn model before and after production deployment?

Model Deployment Pipeline

Making data-driven insights actionable for those without technical expertise

Simple Explanations

Machine Learning

What metrics would you use to track accuracy and validity of the model

Spam Classifier 

Bias variance tradeoff and class imbalance in finance

Bias - Variance Tradeoff and Class Imbalance in Finance

Evaluate News

Design an ML system to predict the movie score from the review text

Score Based on Review

How would you structure your training, validation, and test splits to ensure your model generalizes to future patients? 

Training vs Validation vs Test Data

Product Sense & Metrics

How would you measure the success of Linkedin’s newsfeed ranking algorithm and approach conflicting success metrics

Ranking Metrics

How would you go about increasing the number of comments on each Group post

Increasing Group Comments

The role of A/B testing in measuring the success rate of an analytics experiment

Success Measurement

Vision Setting and Execution Strategy

Analytics

Describing a real-world data cleaning and organization project

Data Cleaning Experiences

You’re tasked with analyzing data from multiple sources, such as payment transactions, user behavior, and fraud detection logs. How would you approach solving a data analytics problem involving these diverse datasets? What steps would you take to clean, combine, and extract meaningful insights that could improve the system's performance?

Analyzing Multiple Data Sources

A/B Testing

How would you assess the validity of the result?

Experiment Validity

How would you make a control group and test group to account for network effects

Network Experiment Design

Let’s say that your company is running a standard control and variant AB test on a feature to increase conversion rates on the landing page. The PM checks the results and finds a .04 p-value.

How would you assess the validity of the result?

Let’s say you want to test the close friends feature on Instagram Stories.

How would you make a control group and test group to account for network effects?

What could be a potential risk when Facebook segments the metrics of the user interface change by market or demographic groups?

What could be a potential risk when Facebook segments the metrics of the user interface change by market or demographic groups?

Network Experiment Design I

What is the primary metric that Facebook should monitor if it decides to make the user interface of its posting feature more like Instagram's?

What is the primary metric that Facebook should monitor if it decides to make the user interface of its posting feature more like Instagram's?

Network Experiment Design II

If Facebook changes its user interface to mimic Instagram's, which adverse effect should they anticipate and monitor?

If Facebook changes its user interface to mimic Instagram's, which adverse effect should they anticipate and monitor?

Network Experiment Design III

You’re a data scientist at YouTube. Leadership wants to revisit how the platform measures success, not for a specific new feature, but for the product as a whole given its current state.

How would you define and measure success for YouTube? Identify your primary and secondary metrics, explain your rationale for each, and discuss how you would choose the right thresholds for any engagement-based metrics you propose.

How would you explain what a p-value is to someone who is not technical?

What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?

What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?

P-value to a Layman I

In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?

In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?

P-value to a Layman II

Explain what a p-value is to someone who is not technical

P-value to a Layman

Statistics

Tell me about a data project that didn’t go the way you expected. What did you set out to do, what surprised you, and how did you handle it?

Let’s say you are tasked with building a spam classifier for emails. Assume that you’ve built a V1 of the model.

What metrics would you use to track accuracy and validity of the model?

You’ve been tasked with building a classification machine-learning model to predict whether a transaction is either fraud or not fraud for a credit card company. You have ten years of historical data on transactions, including a flag for whether a transaction was manually identified as fraud.

Describe how you might go about building a fraud detection model for credit card transactions. Be sure to mention the possible model types, discuss the bias-variance tradeoff in model development, and address any complexities that arise from the class imbalance.

Input features in the data include:

<ul>
<li>Transaction amount</li>
<li>Merchant category for the transaction</li>
<li>Zip code for the merchant</li>
<li>Zip code for the billing address</li>
<li>Average transaction amount for the account over the past six months</li>
</ul>

Output feature:

<ul>
<li>0/1 flag for fraud (0 = not fraud, 1 = fraud)</li>
</ul>

Note: Fraudulent transactions are (thankfully) a very small percentage of all historical transactions. Assume fraudulent transactions are 0.01% of historical data.While building the model to perform the classification, you need to consider the bias/variance tradeoff, and take into account the fact that there is a class imbalance (very few of the observations are “fraud”).

When an interviewer asks you a question along the lines of:

<ul>
<li>Why did you apply to our company?</li>
<li>What are you looking for in your next job?</li>
<li>What makes you a good fit for our company?</li>
</ul>

How should you respond?

When asked 'What are you looking for in your next job?' in an interview, how can you tie the company's employee benefits into your response?

When asked 'What are you looking for in your next job?' in an interview, how can you tie the company's employee benefits into your response?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us I

How can company values be used effectively in an interview when asked 'What makes you a good fit for our company?'

How can company values be used effectively in an interview when asked 'What makes you a good fit for our company?'

Why Do You Want to Work With Us II

When responding to the question 'Why did you apply to our company?' during an interview, what aspect should you highlight?

When responding to the question 'Why did you apply to our company?' during an interview, what aspect should you highlight?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us III

Let’s say you’ve just finished building a churn prediction model for a subscription service, and the team is considering deploying it to automatically trigger retention emails for users at risk of leaving.

How would you ensure this model is ready for production, and what steps would you take to monitor its performance after launch?

You work as a backend engineer at Glassdoor. The company relies on multiple legacy systems to aggregate and process job postings, salary data, and company reviews. To ensure reliable data ingestion and processing, you are tasked with building a monitoring service that tracks the health of these legacy systems via regular heartbeat signals.

The service must expose one endpoint to receive heartbeat signals from each legacy system, and another endpoint to return a list of systems that have not sent a heartbeat in the last five seconds. How would you architect this monitoring system? Write a technical design document describing your approach.

Design a monitoring service for legacy system health via heartbeat endpoints at Glassdoor.

Legacy System Heartbeat Monitor

DevOps

You’re building a machine learning model to predict hospital readmission risk using patient records from the past five years. The data includes patient demographics, diagnoses, treatment history, and outcomes, but hospitals periodically change treatment protocols and data collection standards over time.

How would you structure your training, validation, and test splits to ensure your model generalizes to future patients? What risks would arise if these datasets were not clearly separated, and how would you validate that your final evaluation reflects real-world performance?

Let’s say we’ve deployed a recommendation model for an e-commerce site, and after two months, we notice that the model’s click-through rate has dropped from 12% to 7%.

How would you investigate the cause of this performance decline, and what steps might you take to address it?

How would you investigate and address a decline in a model's production performance?

Model Product Performance Degradation

ML Ops

When an interviewer asks a question along the lines of:

<ul>
<li>What would your current manager say about you? What constructive criticisms might he give?</li>
<li>What are your three biggest strengths and weaknesses you have identified in yourself?</li>
</ul>

How would you respond?

When asked about your strengths in an interview, what is an effective way to respond?

When asked about your strengths in an interview, what is an effective way to respond?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses I

Which of the following is an acceptable strategy when discussing weaknesses in an interview?

Which of the following is an acceptable strategy when discussing weaknesses in an interview?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses II

What do you tell an interviewer when they ask you what your strengths and weaknesses are?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses

Describe a time when you had to define a long-term vision for a project or team and move it from concept to reality.

Interviews for leadership or senior technical roles look for more than just “finishing a project.” Your answer should specifically address:

<ol>
<li>The “Why”: What data or organizational gap necessitated this vision?</li>
<li>The Framework: How did you translate a high-level goal into a roadmap?</li>
<li>The Friction: How did you handle stakeholders or team members who were skeptical of the new direction?</li>
</ol>

You work as a machine learning engineer for a health insurance company. Design a machine learning model, which given a set of health features, classifies if the individual will undergo major health issues or not.

Creating a machine learning model for evaluating a patient's health

Risk Assessment Model

Talk about a time when you had trouble communicating with stakeholders. How were you able to overcome it?

How would you convey insights and the methods you use to a non-technical audience?

Let’s say you work as a data scientist on the engagement team.

<ol>
<li>How would you measure the success of Linkedin’s newsfeed ranking algorithm?</li>

<li>Let’s say some of the success metrics that you are tracking for the newsfeed algorithm are going up while others are going down. How would you approach this?</li>
</ol>

Your company, a multinational retail corporation, has been storing sales data from various branches worldwide in separate tables according to the year the sales were made. The current data structure is proving inefficient for business analytics and the management has requested your expertise to streamline the data.

Write a query to create a pivot table that shows total sales for each branch by year.

Note: Assume that the sales are represented by the <code>total_sales</code> column and are in USD. Each branch is represented by its unique <code>branch_id</code>.

<h3>Example:</h3>

Input:

For simplicity, consider two years: 2021 and 2022.

<code>sales_2021</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>id</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>branch_id</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>total_sales</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<code>sales_2022</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>id</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>branch_id</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>total_sales</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<code>sales_pivot</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>branch_id</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>total_sales_2021</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>total_sales_2022</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This output pivot table shows the total sales for each branch, broken down by year.

Write a query to create a pivot table that shows total sales for each branch by year

Branch Sales Pivot

Tell me about a project in which you had to clean and organize a large dataset.

Let’s say you are given a model that predicts whether a piece of news is relevant or not when shared on Twitter.

How would you evaluate the model?

Assume we have some credit model, which has a calibrated (up to some error) score of how credit-worthy any individual person is.

For example, if the model’s estimate is 83% then we can assume the actual score is between 81% and 85%.

If we take 83% as a score cutoff and deem everyone above that score as credit-worthy, are we over-estimating or underestimating the actual population’s credit score?

Determine whether using an 83% cutoff overestimates or underestimates the actual population’s credit score

Credit Score Estimation

You are tasked with flagging users who post fake comments on Amazon to then give to the modeling team for further analysis.  

<ol>
<li>How would you initially go about filtering users who post fake comments on Amazon?</li>

<li>Let’s say that the team needs more data points faster. How would you scale out the effort with minimal manual intervention?</li>
</ol>

How would you initially filter users who post fake comments on Amazon and scale the effort with minimal manual intervention

Flagging Users

Business Case

Let’s say you’re an ML engineer at Netflix. You have access to reviews of 10K movies. Each review contains multiple sentences along with a score ranging from 1 to 10.

How would you design an ML system to predict the movie score based on the review text?

Let’s say you work on Facebook Groups. 

How would you go about increasing the number of comments on each Group post?

Let’s say that you’re working at a global trading company and you’re analyzing the price of a particular asset over time. This dataset is super noisy, volatile, and you’re not guaranteed completely accurate data.

How would you analyze this data to ensure there aren’t any discrepancies?

How would you analyze this data to ensure there aren't any discrepancies?

Time Series Discrepancies

Forecasting & Time Series

How would you build a database for a consumer file storage company like Dropbox?

Note: The database must be able to store many different file type formats and keep updates and history of file changes.

How would you build a database for a consumer file storage company like Dropbox

Dropbox Database

Data Modeling

You’re tasked with analyzing data from multiple sources, such as payment transactions, user behavior, and fraud detection logs. How would you approach solving a data analytics problem involving these diverse datasets? What steps would you take to clean, combine, and extract meaningful insights that could improve the system’s performance?

Calculate Moving Average	SQL	Easy
Predict Customer Churn	Machine Learning	Medium
A/B Test Significance	Statistics	Medium
Optimize Query Performance	SQL	Hard
Feature Importance Analysis	Machine Learning	Medium
Clean Missing Data	Python	Easy
Neural Network Architecture	Deep Learning	Hard
Calculate Cohort Retention	SQL	Medium
Bayesian Probability	Statistics	Easy
Recommend Similar Products	Machine Learning	Hard

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