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Argo Group Interview Questions

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Machine Learning

Booking Regression

Lasso vs Ridge

Bagging vs Boosting

What are the logistic and softmax functions? What is the difference between the two?

Softmax vs Logistic

Decision Tree Evaluation

Statistics

P-value to a Layman

What are the assumptions of linear regression?

Assumptions of Linear Regression

A new airline came out as the fastest average boarding times compared to other airlines.  What factors could have biased this result and what would you look into?

Boarding Times Bias

Covariance vs Correlation

Correlation in Regression

Write a query to select the top 3 departments with at least ten employees and rank them according to the percentage of their employees making over 100K in salary.

Employee Salaries

Select the 2nd highest salary in the engineering department

2nd Highest Salary

Duplicate Rows

Write a SQL query to count transactions filtered by several criterias.

Count Transactions

Write a query to find all users that were at some point "Excited" and have never been "Bored" with a campaign.

Always Excited Users

Data Structures & Algorithms

Moving Window

Write a function to determine whether or not two rectangles overlap.

Rectangle Overlap

Given a list of strings, write a function that returns the longest common prefix

Common Prefix

Given a list of strings, write a Python program to check whether each string has all the same characters or not.

Same Characters

Integer String Addition

Analytics

How would you find out if an increase in user conversion rates after a new email journey is casual or just part of a wider trend?

Causal Email Journey 

Describing a data project and its challenges

Hurdles In Data Projects

Strategically resolving misaligned expectations with stakeholders for a successful project outcome

Stakeholder Communication

How to present complex data insights with clarity and adaptability tailored to a specific audience

Presentations and Insights

How would you analyze how the feature is performing?

Recruiting Leads

<p>When an interviewer asks a question along the lines of:</p>

<ul>
<li>What would your current manager say about you? What constructive criticisms might he give?</li>
<li>What are your three biggest strengths and weaknesses you have identified in yourself?</li>
</ul>

<p>How would you respond?</p>


<p>When asked about your strengths in an interview, what is an effective way to respond?</p>

When asked about your strengths in an interview, what is an effective way to respond?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses I

<p>Which of the following is an acceptable strategy when discussing weaknesses in an interview?</p>

Which of the following is an acceptable strategy when discussing weaknesses in an interview?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses II

What do you tell an interviewer when they ask you what your strengths and weaknesses are?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses

Brainteasers

<p>When an interviewer asks you a question along the lines of:</p>

<ul>
<li>Why did you apply to our company?</li>
<li>What are you looking for in your next job?</li>
<li>What makes you a good fit for our company?</li>
</ul>

<p>How should you respond?</p>


<p>When asked 'What are you looking for in your next job?' in an interview, how can you tie the company's employee benefits into your response?</p>

When asked 'What are you looking for in your next job?' in an interview, how can you tie the company's employee benefits into your response?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us I

<p>How can company values be used effectively in an interview when asked 'What makes you a good fit for our company?'</p>

How can company values be used effectively in an interview when asked 'What makes you a good fit for our company?'

Why Do You Want to Work With Us II

<p>When responding to the question 'Why did you apply to our company?' during an interview, what aspect should you highlight?</p>

When responding to the question 'Why did you apply to our company?' during an interview, what aspect should you highlight?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us III

How would you answer when an Interviewer asks why you applied to their company?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us

<p>Describe a data project you worked on. What were some of the challenges you faced?</p>


<p>How would you explain what a p-value is to someone who is not technical?</p>


<p>What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?</p>

What does a p-value in a statistical test represent?

P-value to a Layman I

<p>In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?</p>

In a statistical test, how does a low p-value (less than 0.05) influence our decision about the null hypothesis?

P-value to a Layman II

<p>What are the assumptions of linear regression?</p>


Which assumption of the residuals of the standard linear regression model can not be overcome by increasing the sample size?

Regression assumptions

<p>Let’s say that you’re training a classification model.</p>

<p>How would you combat overfitting when building tree-based models?</p>


Let's say that you're training a classification model.   How would you combat overfitting when building tree-based models?

Overfit Avoidance

<p>How would you handle the data preparation for building a machine learning model using imbalanced data?</p>


Addressing imbalanced data in machine learning through carefully prepared techniques.

Data Preparation for Imbalanced Data

<p>Let’s say we’re comparing two machine learning algorithms. In which case would you use a bagging algorithm versus a boosting algorithm? </p>

<p>Give an example of the tradeoffs between the two.</p>


<p>In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?</p>


In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?

Bagging vs. Boosting

<p>Talk about a time when you had trouble communicating with stakeholders. How were you able to overcome it?</p>


<p>Write a SQL query to select the 2nd highest salary in the engineering department.</p>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> If more than one person shares the highest salary, the query should select the next highest salary.</p>

<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>

<p><strong>Input:</strong></p>

<p><code>employees</code> table</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>first_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>last_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>salary</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>department_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><code>departments</code> table</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>salary</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


<p>Imagine you are asked to build a machine learning model to decide new loan approvals for a
financial firm. You ask the data department in the company for a subset of data to get started
working on the problem. The data includes different features about applicants such as age,
occupation, zip code, height, number of children, favorite color, etc. You decide to build
multiple machine learning models to test out different ideas before settling on the best one.</p>

<p>How would you explain the bias-variance tradeoff with regards to
building and choosing a model to use?</p>


Bias vs. Variance Tradeoff

<p>Explain the difference between the XGBoost and random forest algorithms and give an example where you would use one over the other.</p>


<p>Why might a data scientist choose to use XGBoost instead of Random Forest for a particular machine learning task?</p>


Why might a data scientist choose to use XGBoost instead of Random Forest for a particular machine learning task?

XGBoost vs Random Forest: Choice

Xgboost vs Random Forest

<p>How does random forest generate the forest? Additionally, why would we use it over other algorithms such as logistic regression?</p>


<p>What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?</p>


What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?

Average Trees

Random Forest Explanation

<p>What is the difference between Logistic and Linear Regression?</p>

<p>When would use one instead of the other in practice?</p>


What is the difference between Logistic and Linear Regression?

Linear vs Logistic Regression

<p>Tell me about a project in which you had to clean and organize a large dataset.</p>


Describing a real-world data cleaning and organization project

Data Cleaning Experiences

Data Pipelines

<p>What are the key differences between classification models and regression models?</p>


<p>What is the MOST important difference between regression and classification models?</p>


What is the MOST important difference between regression and classification models?

Classification vs Regression

Classification and Regression

<p>Let’s say that your company is running a standard control and variant AB test on a feature to increase conversion rates on the landing page. The PM checks the results and finds a .04 p-value.</p>

<p>How would you assess the validity of the result?</p>


Experiment Validity

A/B Testing

<p>Let’s say you work at Allstate. Allstate is running <code>N</code>  online ads right now. The table <code>ads</code> contains all those ads, ranked by popularity via the <code>id</code> column (e.g., the entry with <code>id = 1</code> is the most popular, etc.).</p>

<p>Create a subquery or common table expression named <code>top_ads</code> containing the top 3 ads (by popularity) and return the number of rows that would result from the following operations</p>

<ol>
<li><code>ads INNER JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads LEFT JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads RIGHT JOIN top_ads</code></li>
<li><code>ads CROSS JOIN top_ads</code></li>
</ol>

<p><em>Note: Please make the <code>join_type</code> column in your output have the values <code>inner_join</code>, <code>left_join</code>, etc. for each of their respective join types</em></p>

<p><em>Note: Please return only one query with each number in a different row</em></p>

<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>

<p><strong>Input:</strong></p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>join_type</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>number_of_rows</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


Size of Joins

<p>What’s the difference between Lasso and Ridge Regression?</p>


<p>Under what circumstances is it recommended to use Lasso regression over Ridge regression?</p>

Under what circumstances is it recommended to use Lasso regression over Ridge regression?

<p>What’s the relationship between PCA and K-means clustering?</p>


<p>What does the variable “k” in k-means clustering refer to?</p>


What does the variable "k" in k-means clustering refer to?

Input of K-means

PCA and K-Means

<p>Let’s say you are working on Google Docs. A product manager comes to you and asks how the product is doing. </p>

<p>What are the top five metrics that you would start tracking to understand the health of Google Docs?</p>


Docs Metrics

Product Sense & Metrics

<p>The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, usually starting with 0 and 1. It is often used in algorithm examples, and is defined by the following formula: F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2), with F(0) = 0 and F(1) = 1.</p>

<p>Your task is to implement the Fibonacci algorithm in three different methods:
1. Recursively
2. Iteratively
3. Using Memoization</p>

<p><strong>Example 1:</strong></p>

<p><strong>Input:</strong></p>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5</span>
</span></span></code></pre>

<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">fibonacci</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="mi">5</span>
</span></span></code></pre>

<p><strong>Example 2:</strong></p>

<p><strong>Input:</strong></p>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
</span></span></code></pre>

<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">fibonacci</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="mi">55</span>
</span></span></code></pre>

<p>The Fibonacci sequence starts as follows: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55…</p>


This question requires the implementation of the Fibonacci sequence using three different methods: recursively, iteratively, and using memoization.

Implementing the Fibonacci Sequence in Three Different Methods

<p>Let’s say you work as a data scientist at a bank.</p>

<p>You are tasked with building a decision tree model to predict if a borrower will pay back a personal loan they are taking out.</p>

<ol>
<li><p>How would you evaluate whether using a decision tree algorithm is the correct model for the problem?</p></li>

<li><p>Let’s say you move forward with the decision tree model. How would you evaluate the performance of the model before deployment and after?</p></li>
</ol>


<p>How would you explain the bias variance tradeoff in machine learning to a high school student?</p>


Replaced by QUESTION 791 - Should be deleted

Bias Variance Tradeoff

<p>How would you tackle multicollinearity in multiple linear regression?</p>


Multicollinearity in Regression

<p>In the context of hypothesis testing, what are type I errors (type one errors) and type II errors (type two errors)? What is the difference between the two?</p>

<p><em>Bonus: Describe the probability of making each type of error mathematically.</em></p>


What is the difference between type I and type II errors?

Type I and II Errors

<p>How do you detect and handle correlation between variables in linear regression? What will happen if you ignore the correlation in the regression model?</p>


<p>Describe a time when you had to define a long-term vision for a project or team and move it from concept to reality.</p>

<p>Interviews for leadership or senior technical roles look for more than just “finishing a project.” Your answer should specifically address:</p>

<ol>
<li><strong>The “Why”</strong>: What data or organizational gap necessitated this vision?</li>
<li><strong>The Framework</strong>: How did you translate a high-level goal into a roadmap?</li>
<li><strong>The Friction</strong>: How did you handle stakeholders or team members who were skeptical of the new direction?</li>
</ol>


Vision Setting and Execution Strategy

Business Case

<p>Given a <code>employees</code> and <code>departments</code> table, select the top 3 departments with at least ten employees and rank them according to the percentage of their employees making over 100K in salary.</p>

<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>

<p><strong>Input:</strong></p>

<p><code>employees</code> table</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Columns</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>first_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>last_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>salary</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>department_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><code>departments</code> table</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Columns</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>percentage_over_100k</code></td>
<td>FLOAT</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>department_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>number_of_employees</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


<p>Given a <code>users</code> table, write a query to return only its duplicate rows.</p>

<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>

<p><strong>Input:</strong></p>

<p><code>users</code> table</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>created_at</code></td>
<td>DATETIME</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


Calculate Moving Average	SQL	Easy
Predict Customer Churn	Machine Learning	Medium
A/B Test Significance	Statistics	Medium
Optimize Query Performance	SQL	Hard
Feature Importance Analysis	Machine Learning	Medium
Clean Missing Data	Python	Easy
Neural Network Architecture	Deep Learning	Hard
Calculate Cohort Retention	SQL	Medium
Bayesian Probability	Statistics	Easy
Recommend Similar Products	Machine Learning	Hard

Argo Group Interview Questions

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