Thus far in this course, we have considered random variables under an idealized scenario where we know the distribution of the random variable.

In many cases, however, we do not in fact know the true distribution of random variables due to technical limitations. For example, it would extremely time-consuming to poll every single voting-age individual in America on who they are voting for, so instead, polling agencies take a random sample of voters to estimate the true proportion of voters for each candidate.

This section covers such techniques and why they are mathematically sound.