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Machine Learning

Booking Regression

Bank Fraud Model

Lasso vs Ridge

Rebalancing outcome probabilities for a classifier on imbalanced data.

Rebalance Probabilities

Bagging vs Boosting

Statistics

What are the assumptions of linear regression?

Assumptions of Linear Regression

Covariance vs Correlation

Correlation in Regression

What does it mean to "bootstrap" a data set?

Bootstrapping Samples

What are the regression coefficients when regressing Y on X versus X on Y, given Y = X plus normal white noise?

Regress Y on X

Data Structures & Algorithms

Given an integer N, write a function that returns all of the prime numbers up to N

Prime to N

This problem involves identifying duplicate numbers in a list of integers. The function should return a list of the duplicate numbers.

Find Duplicate Numbers in a List

Write a function that tests whether a string of brackets is balanced.

The Brackets Problem

Given a string, write a function to determine if it is palindrome or not.

String Palindromes

Supply Chain

How would you as a Supply Chain Manager handle a product launch delay when marketing spend and customer preparations are already committed?

Delayed Launch Response

How would you handle a sole supplier demanding a steep price increase when resourcing isn’t an option?

Product Procurement Predicament

How would you decide on a metric and approach for worker allocation across an uneven production line?

Worker Distribution Dilemma

Which three metrics would you prioritize to evaluate supply chain efficiency at Niagara Bottling?

Supply Chain Efficiency Metrics

Analytics

Let’s say that you're in charge of an e-commerce D2C business that sells socks. What business health metrics would you care?

D2C Socks e-Commerce

Describing a data project and its challenges

Hurdles In Data Projects

Let's say you work at Facebook and you're analyzing churn on the platform.

Retention Rate Disparity

When an interviewer asks a question along the lines of:

<ul>
<li>What would your current manager say about you? What constructive criticisms might he give?</li>
<li>What are your three biggest strengths and weaknesses you have identified in yourself?</li>
</ul>

How would you respond?

When asked about your strengths in an interview, what is an effective way to respond?

When asked about your strengths in an interview, what is an effective way to respond?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses I

Which of the following is an acceptable strategy when discussing weaknesses in an interview?

Which of the following is an acceptable strategy when discussing weaknesses in an interview?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses II

What do you tell an interviewer when they ask you what your strengths and weaknesses are?

Your Strengths and Weaknesses

Brainteasers

When an interviewer asks you a question along the lines of:

<ul>
<li>Why did you apply to our company?</li>
<li>What are you looking for in your next job?</li>
<li>What makes you a good fit for our company?</li>
</ul>

How should you respond?

When asked 'What are you looking for in your next job?' in an interview, how can you tie the company's employee benefits into your response?

When asked 'What are you looking for in your next job?' in an interview, how can you tie the company's employee benefits into your response?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us I

How can company values be used effectively in an interview when asked 'What makes you a good fit for our company?'

How can company values be used effectively in an interview when asked 'What makes you a good fit for our company?'

Why Do You Want to Work With Us II

When responding to the question 'Why did you apply to our company?' during an interview, what aspect should you highlight?

When responding to the question 'Why did you apply to our company?' during an interview, what aspect should you highlight?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us III

How would you answer when an Interviewer asks why you applied to their company?

Why Do You Want to Work With Us

Describe a data project you worked on. What were some of the challenges you faced?

What are the assumptions of linear regression?

Which assumption of the residuals of the standard linear regression model can not be overcome by increasing the sample size?

Regression assumptions

Let’s say that you’re training a classification model.

How would you combat overfitting when building tree-based models?

Let's say that you're training a classification model.   How would you combat overfitting when building tree-based models?

Overfit Avoidance

How would you handle the data preparation for building a machine learning model using imbalanced data?

Addressing imbalanced data in machine learning through carefully prepared techniques.

Data Preparation for Imbalanced Data

Let’s say we’re comparing two machine learning algorithms. In which case would you use a bagging algorithm versus a boosting algorithm? 

Give an example of the tradeoffs between the two.

In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?

In machine learning, when would you use a bagging algorithm over a boosting algorithm?

Bagging vs. Boosting

Given a string, write a function to determine if it is palindrome or not.

Note: A palindrome is a word/string that is read the same way forward as it is backward, e.g. <code>&#39;reviver&#39;</code>, <code>&#39;madam&#39;</code>, <code>&#39;deified&#39;</code> and <code>&#39;civic&#39;</code> are all palindromes, while <code>&#39;tree&#39;</code>, <code>&#39;music&#39;</code> and <code>&#39;person&#39;</code> are not palindromes.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>word1 = &#34;tree&#34;
word2 = &#34;radar&#34;
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def is_palindrome(word1) -&gt; False
def is_palindrome(word2) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

Write a SQL query to select the 2nd highest salary in the engineering department.

Note: If more than one person shares the highest salary, the query should select the next highest salary.

Example:

Input:

<code>employees</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>first_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>last_name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>salary</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>department_id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<code>departments</code> table

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>id</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><code>name</code></td>
<td>VARCHAR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Output:

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>salary</code></td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Select the 2nd highest salary in the engineering department

2nd Highest Salary

Imagine you are asked to build a machine learning model to decide new loan approvals for a
financial firm. You ask the data department in the company for a subset of data to get started
working on the problem. The data includes different features about applicants such as age,
occupation, zip code, height, number of children, favorite color, etc. You decide to build
multiple machine learning models to test out different ideas before settling on the best one.

How would you explain the bias-variance tradeoff with regards to
building and choosing a model to use?

Bias vs. Variance Tradeoff

How does random forest generate the forest? Additionally, why would we use it over other algorithms such as logistic regression?

What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?

What happens when you average the output on multiple decision trees?

Average Trees

Random Forest Explanation

What is the difference between Logistic and Linear Regression?

When would use one instead of the other in practice?

What is the difference between Logistic and Linear Regression?

Linear vs Logistic Regression

Tell me about a project in which you had to clean and organize a large dataset.

Describing a real-world data cleaning and organization project

Data Cleaning Experiences

Data Pipelines

What are the key differences between classification models and regression models?

What is the MOST important difference between regression and classification models?

What is the MOST important difference between regression and classification models?

Classification vs Regression

Classification and Regression

Let’s say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service in addition that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

How would we build this model?

Let’s say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

Which statement is true?

Let's say that you work at a bank that wants to build a model to detect fraud on the platform.

The bank wants to implement a text messaging service that will text customers when the model detects a fraudulent transaction in order for the customer to approve or deny the transaction with a text response.

Which statement is true?

Given an integer <code>N</code>, write a function that returns a list of all of the prime numbers up to <code>N</code>.

Note: Return an empty list there are no prime numbers less than or equal to <code>N</code>.

Example:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>N = 3
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>def prime_numbers(N) -&gt; [2,3]
</code></pre>

What’s the difference between Lasso and Ridge Regression?

Under what circumstances is it recommended to use Lasso regression over Ridge regression?

Under what circumstances is it recommended to use Lasso regression over Ridge regression?

How would you explain the bias variance tradeoff in machine learning to a high school student?

Replaced by QUESTION 791 - Should be deleted

Bias Variance Tradeoff

You’re given a string that may contain the characters <code>{</code>, <code>}</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>]</code>, <code>(</code>, and <code>)</code>.

Task: Verify that the string is balanced. A balanced string is one where every opening character, <code>{</code>, <code>[</code>, or <code>(</code>, has a corresponding closing character, <code>}</code>, <code>]</code>, or <code>)</code>.

Write a function called <code>is_balanced(string: str) -&gt; bool</code> which verifies the balance of a string.

Example:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;(())[]{}&#39;) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;{([(){}])()}&#39;) -&gt; True
</code></pre>

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>is_balanced(&#39;{}[]())&#39;) -&gt; False
</code></pre>

<hr/>

How do you detect and handle correlation between variables in linear regression? What will happen if you ignore the correlation in the regression model?

Given a list of integers, identify all the duplicate values in the list. Assume that the list can contain both positive and negative numbers, and the order of the list does not matter. A number is considered a duplicate if it appears more than once in the list. Return a list of the duplicate numbers.

Example 1:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</code></pre>

The numbers 1, 2, and 3 all appear more than once in the list, so they are considered duplicates.

Example 2:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, -1, 2, 3, 3, -1]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; [-1, 3]
</code></pre>

The numbers -1 and 3 both appear more than once in the list, so they are considered duplicates. Note that the order of the output does not matter.

Example 3:

Input:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
</code></pre>

Output:

<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code>find_duplicates(nums) -&gt; []
</code></pre>

None of the numbers in the list appear more than once, so there are no duplicates.

Let’s say you work for an e-commerce company. Vendors can send products to the company’s warehouse to be listed on the website. Users are able to order any in-stock products and submit returns for refunds if they’re not satisfied.

The front end of the website includes a vendor portal that provides sales data in daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly intervals.

The company wants to expand worldwide. They put you in charge of designing its end-to-end architecture, so you need to know what significant factors you’ll need to consider. What clarifying questions would you ask?

What kind of end-to-end architecture would you design for this company (both for ETL and reporting)?

How would you design a data warehouse for a e-commerce company looking to expand internationally?

International e-Commerce Warehouse

Let’s say we want to build a model to predict booking prices on Airbnb.

Between linear regression and random forest regression, which model would perform better and why?

What are the two key concepts of random forest regression?

What are the two key concepts of random forest regression?

Let’s say that you’re a data scientist at DoorDash.

How would you build a model to predict which merchants the company should go after for acquisition when entering a new market?

How to model merchant acquisition in a new market?

Merchant Acquisition

Let’s say that you’re in charge of an e-commerce D2C business that sells socks.

What business health metrics would you care about tracking on a company dashboard?

Let’s say you work as a data scientist at DoorDash. 

You are tasked to build a machine learning system that minimizes missing or wrong orders placed on the app.

How would you go about designing this system?

Minimize Wrong Orders

What does it mean to “bootstrap” a data set?

Give an example of a time when it would be appropriate to bootstrap a smaller sample(s) from a larger data set.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing so?

Let’s say you work at a food delivery company.

How would you measure the effectiveness of giving extra pay to delivery drivers during peak hours to meet the demand from consumers?

Extra Delivery Pay

A/B Testing

Let’s say that you work for a company like Netflix. Netflix has two pricing plans: $15/month or $100/year.

Let’s say an executive at the company wants you to analyze the churn behavior of users that subscribe to either plan.

What kinds of metrics / graphs / models would you build to help give the executive an over-arching view of how the subscriptions are performing?

How would you present the performance of each subscription to an executive?

Analyzing Churn Behavior

Product Sense & Metrics

What is the difference between covariance and correlation? Provide an example.

Challenge

<div><h2>Pricing Analyst III</h2>The Pricing Analyst III will be responsible for pricing products in order to stay competitive in the market. Conducts market research and makes recommendations regarding pricing policies while maintaining historical pricing data on the organization and its competitors.This position will serve our Air Conditioning Division, and can be based out of Atlanta, GA, Fayetteville, AR, Fort Smith, AR or Lewisville, TX.<h3>Responsibilities</h3><ul><li>Providing leadership and escalation / approval point for Pricing department in the absence of the Pricing Manager.</li><li>Mentors other members of the Pricing department</li><li>Presents recommendations on pricing and profit optimization topics to senior management</li><li>Conceives, defines, and leads pricing process improvement initiatives, including delegating elements of the project to other team members</li><li>Develops and implements new/innovative pricing structures to optimize profitability, field pricing flexibility, and pricing controls</li><li>Leads cross-functional initiatives, and participate in the cross-divisional initiatives, focused on pricing and profit optimization</li><li>Pricing accountability for one or more of the major business segments or channels (e.g. wholesale, retail, commercial, specialty, etc)</li><li>Performs other duties as assigned</li></ul><h3>Qualifications</h3><ul><li>Bachelor's Degree in Business Management, Finance, Marketing, or related field</li><li>5+ years' experience in pricing/revenue management</li><li>Excellent communication skills, written and verbal, with attention to detail and accuracy</li><li>Proficient computer skills and in-depth knowledge of relevant software such as MS Office Suite and/or Oracle BI</li><li>Demonstrates ability to work well with others in a matrix team environment</li><li>Exceptional analytical skills, must demonstrate an ability to identify problems, gather data, apply statistical techniques, and communicate results in non-technical terms</li><li>Strong organization skills and the ability to manage several projects at a time: self-starter</li><li>High degree of problem solving, advanced analytical and critical thinking skills</li><li>Ability to work well under pressure, independently, in a fast-paced environment</li>HOW TO STAND OUT:<ul><li>Master's Degree (preferred) in Business Management, Finance, Marketing, or related field</li></ul></ul><h3>About Us</h3>At Rheem, we engineer products for life. For home life. For work life. For the life of the planet we all share. Backed by over 100 years of expertise, we're passionate about product innovation and boldly committed to sustainability. Our full line of global air and water solutions deliver reliable performance, comfort and energy savings for residential and commercial applications worldwide. From engineers to accountants, sales professionals to support experts, Rheem depends on people to power our innovations. Join Rheem and help shape the future of products that impact livesevery day.Our Behavior Based Values set us apart:<ul><li>Listening to Understand Open mind, learning from others, accepting feedback, embracing the objective</li><li>Contributing Respectfully - Sharing opinions, valuing ideas, sharing opposing perspectives with respect</li><li>Thinking Creatively Applying creativity, seeking improvements, understanding from the customers' lens</li><li>Acting with Responsibility Owning decisions and actions, acting with integrity, embracing accountability</li></ul>Rheem is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Rheem encourages all qualified candidates to apply, including those of any race, color, religion, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status. The job description above has been designed to indicate the general nature and level of work performed by employees within this classification. It is not designed to contain or be interpreted as a comprehensive inventory of all duties, responsibilities and qualifications required of employees assigned to this job. Equivalent combination of education, experience, and skills may supplement above minimum job requirements.For U.S. Based jobs, please note that Rheem is unable to hire candidates to be employed in the following states: Alaska, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, or Vermont.Rheem and its subsidiaries do not accept unsolicited resumes from recruiters or employment agencies. In the absence of an executed Recruitment Services Agreement, there will be no obligation to any referral compensation or recruiter fee.<h3>Job Info</h3><ul><li>Job Identification 3255</li><li>Job Category Finance</li><li>Degree Level Bachelor's Degree</li><li>Job Schedule Full time</li><li>Travel Up to 10%</li><li>Worker Category Hybrid</li></ul></div>

<h5>Pricing Analyst III </h5>The Pricing Analyst III will be responsible for pricing products in order to stay competitive in the market. Conducts market research and makes recommendations regarding pricing policies while maintaining historical pricing data on the organization and its competitors. This position will serve our Air Conditioning Division, and can be based out of Atlanta, GA, Fayetteville, AR, Fort Smith, AR or Lewisville, TX. <h5>Responsibilities </h5><ul> <li>Providing leadership and escalation / approval point for Pricing department in the absence of the Pricing Manager. </li><li>Mentors other members of the Pricing department </li><li>Presents recommendations on pricing and profit optimization topics to senior management </li><li>Conceives, defines, and leads pricing process improvement initiatives, including delegating elements of the project to other team members </li><li>Develops and implements new/innovative pricing structures to optimize profitability, field pricing flexibility, and pricing controls </li><li>Leads cross-functional initiatives, and participate in the cross-divisional initiatives, focused on pricing and profit optimization </li><li>Pricing accountability for one or more of the major business segments or channels (e.g. wholesale, retail, commercial, specialty, etc) </li><li>Performs other duties as assigned </li></ul> <h5>Qualifications </h5><ul> <li>Bachelor's Degree in Business Management, Finance, Marketing, or related field </li><li>5+ years' experience in pricing/revenue management </li><li>Excellent communication skills, written and verbal, with attention to detail and accuracy </li><li>Proficient computer skills and in-depth knowledge of relevant software such as MS Office Suite and/or Oracle BI </li><li>Demonstrates ability to work well with others in a matrix team environment </li><li>Exceptional analytical skills, must demonstrate an ability to identify problems, gather data, apply statistical techniques, and communicate results in non-technical terms </li><li>Strong organization skills and the ability to manage several projects at a time: self-starter </li><li>High degree of problem solving, advanced analytical and critical thinking skills </li><li>Ability to work well under pressure, independently, in a fast-paced environment </li>HOW TO STAND OUT: <ul> <li>Master's Degree (preferred) in Business Management, Finance, Marketing, or related field </li></ul> </ul><h5>About Us </h5>At Rheem, we engineer products for life. For home life. For work life. For the life of the planet we all share. Backed by over 100 years of expertise, we're passionate about product innovation and boldly committed to sustainability. Our full line of global air and water solutions deliver reliable performance, comfort and energy savings for residential and commercial applications worldwide. From engineers to accountants, sales professionals to support experts, Rheem depends on people to power our innovations. Join Rheem and help shape the future of products that impact livesevery day. Our Behavior Based Values set us apart: <ul> <li>Listening to Understand Open mind, learning from others, accepting feedback, embracing the objective </li><li>Contributing Respectfully - Sharing opinions, valuing ideas, sharing opposing perspectives with respect </li><li>Thinking Creatively Applying creativity, seeking improvements, understanding from the customers' lens </li><li>Acting with Responsibility Owning decisions and actions, acting with integrity, embracing accountability </li></ul> Rheem is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Rheem encourages all qualified candidates to apply, including those of any race, color, religion, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status. The job description above has been designed to indicate the general nature and level of work performed by employees within this classification. It is not designed to contain or be interpreted as a comprehensive inventory of all duties, responsibilities and qualifications required of employees assigned to this job. Equivalent combination of education, experience, and skills may supplement above minimum job requirements. For U.S. Based jobs, please note that Rheem is unable to hire candidates to be employed in the following states: Alaska, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, or Vermont. Rheem and its subsidiaries do not accept unsolicited resumes from recruiters or employment agencies. In the absence of an executed Recruitment Services Agreement, there will be no obligation to any referral compensation or recruiter fee. <h5>Job Info </h5><ul> <li>Job Identification 3255 </li><li>Job Category Finance </li><li>Degree Level Bachelor's Degree </li><li>Job Schedule Full time </li><li>Travel Up to 10% </li><li>Worker Category Hybrid </li> </ul>

Calculate Moving Average	SQL	Easy
Predict Customer Churn	Machine Learning	Medium
A/B Test Significance	Statistics	Medium
Optimize Query Performance	SQL	Hard
Feature Importance Analysis	Machine Learning	Medium
Clean Missing Data	Python	Easy
Neural Network Architecture	Deep Learning	Hard
Calculate Cohort Retention	SQL	Medium
Bayesian Probability	Statistics	Easy
Recommend Similar Products	Machine Learning	Hard

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